Advances in Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Approaches
Fahad Abdulaziz Altuwaijri 1*, Mohammed Salem Alshammari 1, Khalid Mohammed Aljohani 1, Abdullah Jalawi Aldakhil 1, Mohammed Thamr Almutairi 1, Raed Mohammed Alomair 1, Mohammed Saleem Alshammari 1, Sultan Safah A Alharbi 1, Maryam Saud Alsharif 1, Khalid Obid Abdullah Alruki 1, Mohammed Menwer Alruwaili 1, Saleh Helayyil Saleh Alharbi 1, Taleb Ghazi Thaar Aldalbahi 1, Hatim Bunaydir Bader AImutairi 1, Hassan Duairam Thawab Al-Shahrani 1, Saif Sultan Alsahli 1
Journal of Angiotherapy 3(1) 1-10 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.3110068
Submitted: 14 October 2019 Revised: 28 December 2019 Published: 30 December 2019
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that affects individuals exposed to traumatic events, with higher prevalence rates among military personnel. The disorder’s complexity, including the distinction between PTSD and complex PTSD (CPTSD), has led to evolving diagnostic criteria in both the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Advances in understanding PTSD have led to improved treatment strategies, but further research is needed to explore its underlying molecular, genetic, and neurobiological mechanisms. Methods: This review synthesizes current literature on PTSD, focusing on its diagnostic evolution, treatment options, and emerging research on its genetic and neurobiological foundations. Studies on PTSD in military populations were highlighted, emphasizing diagnostic frameworks, treatment modalities, and the role of healthcare providers, particularly nurses, in managing PTSD. A systematic analysis of genetic studies and neuroimaging findings was also included to understand the molecular underpinnings of PTSD. Results: The review found that PTSD’s diagnostic criteria have evolved to include more detailed distinctions between standard PTSD and CPTSD. Pharmacological treatments such as SSRIs and SNRIs, alongside psychological therapies like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), were identified as effective in alleviating symptoms. Emerging evidence points to genetic predispositions, immune system dysfunction, and neuroimaging findings, such as reduced hippocampal volume, as key factors in the development and persistence of PTSD. Conclusion: Despite substantial progress in the understanding and management of PTSD, further research is needed to explore the genetic, neurobiological, and molecular factors contributing to the disorder. Healthcare providers, especially nurses, play a crucial role in early detection, treatment facilitation, and advocacy, ensuring better outcomes for those affected by PTSD.
Keywords: PTSD, diagnostic criteria, molecular mechanisms, treatment approaches, therapeutic interventions
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