Angiogenesis, Inflammation & Therapeutics | Online ISSN  2207-872X
RESEARCH ARTICLE   (Open Access)

Epidemiological Analysis of Hepatitis B and C Viruses in Fallujah for Health Intervention and Disease Control

Ahmed Saadi khlaf 1*, Asif Hasan Abdulrazaq 2, Nawar Bahaa Abdulsahib 3, Manaf Akram Ismaell 3, Mustafa Asif Hasan 3

+ Author Affiliations

Journal of Angiotherapy 8 (2) 1-6 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.829470

Submitted: 14 December 2023 Revised: 14 February 2024  Published: 19 February 2024 


Abstract

Hepatitis virus infection poses a significant global health threat with various transmission routes, including sexual activity, intravenous contact, and mother-to-child transmission during delivery. Early infection may lead to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study investigates the epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), considering demographic, geographic, and acquisition method variables. Analyzing hospital and health department visits in Fallujah from 2018 to 2021, 179 cases were identified. The research aims to pinpoint virus cases, identify susceptible age groups by location, gender, and infection type, and propose disease control methods in Fallujah. Results indicate 78.7% of positive cases were males, with higher prevalence in specific months and age groups (15-34 years old). This study contributes valuable insights for targeted intervention strategies.

Keywords: Hepatitis B and C viruses, Epidemiology, Demographic factors, Disease prevalence, Public health interventions

References


Akibu, M., Nurgi, S., Tadese, M., & Tsega, W. D. (2018). Attitude and vaccination status of healthcare workers against hepatitis B infection in a teaching hospital, Ethiopia. Scientifica, 2018.

Amini, M., & Poustchi, H. (2012). Hepatitis C virus spontaneous clearance: immunology and genetic variance. Viral Immunology, 25(4), 241-248.

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Ludmila V Nedosugova, Vasily N. Sukhorukov. (2023). Hepatitis C and atherosclerosis: inflammatory interplay, Journal of Angiotherpay, 7(1), 1-10, 9361

Armstrong, G. L., Wasley, A., Simard, E. P., McQuillan, G. M., Kuhnert, W. L., & Alter, M. J. (2006). The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144, 705–714.

Asif, H. A., Ahmed, S.k., Nawar,B A.(2022). Study Distribution of Some Type of Hepatitis in Some Regions of Baghdad. NeuroQuantology,20(5),3039-3042.

Bukh, J. (2016). The history of hepatitis C virus (HCV): Basic research reveals unique features in phylogeny, evolution and the viral life cycle with new perspectives for epidemic control. Journal of hepatology, 65(1), S2-S21.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Viral Hepatitis Surveillance – United States, 2018

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report. 2019; Volume 32.

Chen, G., Cheung, R.and Tom, J. W. (2017). Hepatitis: Sedation and Anesthesia Implications. Anesthesia progress, 64(2), 106–118.

Coulepis AG, Anderson BN, Gust ID. Hepatitis A. Adv Virus Res. 1987;32:129–169.

Coulepis AG, Locarnini SA, Westaway EG, Tannock GA, Gust ID. Biophysical and biochemical characterization of hepatitis A virus. Intervirology. 1982;18:107–127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cuthbert JA. Hepatitis A: old and new. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:38–58.

Fanning, G. C., Zoulim, F., Hou, J., & Bertoletti, A. (2019). Therapeutic strategies for hepatitis B virus infection: towards a cure. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 18, 827–844.

Farci, P., & Anna Niro, G. (2018). Current and Future Management of Chronic Hepatitis D. Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 14, 342–351.

Ganem, D., & Prince, A. M. (2004). Hepatitis B virus infection--natural history and clinical consequences. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 1118–1129.

Hadziyannis, S. J. (1997). Review: hepatitis delta. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 12, 289–298.

Han, Z., Yin, Y., Zhang, Y., Ehrhardt, S., Thio, C. L., Nelson, K. E., ... & Hou, H. (2017). Knowledge of and attitudes towards hepatitis B and its transmission from mother to child among pregnant women in Guangdong Province, China. PloS one, 12(6), e0178671.

Harris, H., Costella, A., Harris, R., & Mandal, S. (2019). Hepatitis C in England 2019: working to eliminate hepatitis C as a major public health threat. Hepatitis C in England 2019: working to eliminate hepatitis C as a major public health threat.

Jacobsen KH, Wiersma ST. Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence by age and world region, 1990 and 2005. Vaccine. 2010;28:6653–6657.

Jefferies, M., Rauff, B., Rashid, H., Lam, T., & Rafiq, S. (2018). Update on global epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 6, 589–599.

Khan, M.A., Islam, S. and Arif, M., (2013). Transmission model of hepatitis B virus with the migration effect. BioMed research international, 2013

Kruszon-Moran, D., Paulose-Ram, R., Martin, C., Barker, L., & McQuillan, G. (2020). Prevalence and trends in hepatitis B virus infection in the United States, 2015-2018. NCHS Data Brief, 361, 1–8. 

Lee, A. R., Park, Y. K., Dezhbord, M., & Kim, K. H. (2022). Interaction between the Hepatitis B Virus and Cellular FLIP Variants in Viral Replication and the Innate Immune System. Viruses, 14(2), 373.

McMahon, B. J., Alward, W. L., Hall, D. B., Heyward, W. L., Bender, T. R., Francis, D. P., & Maynard, J. E. (1985). Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 151, 599–603.

Meier, M. A., Calabrese, D., Suslov, A., Terracciano, L. M., Heim, M. H., & Wieland, S. (2021). Ubiquitous expression of HBsAg from integrated HBV DNA in patients with low viral load. Journal of hepatology, 75(4), 840-847.

Meng, X. J. (2016). Expanding Host Range and Cross-Species Infection of Hepatitis E Virus. PLoS Pathogens, 12, e1005695.

MyBioSource, Inc. (USA). (2018). Qualitative Human Hepatitis B Antibody IgM (HCV IgM) ELISA Kit. Cat. No: MBS9303597.

MyBioSource, Inc. (USA). (2018). Qualitative Human Hepatitis C Antibody IgG (HCV IgM) ELISA Kit. Cat. No: MBS023425.

Nimgaonkar, I., Ding, Q., Schwartz, R. E., & Ploss, A. (2018). Hepatitis E virus: advances and challenges. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 15, 96–110.

Rezende G, Roque-Afonso AM, Samuel D, Gigou M, Nicand E, Ferre V, Dussaix E, Bismuth H, Féray C. Viral and clinical factors associated with the fulminant course of hepatitis A infection. Hepatology. 2003;38:613–618.

Rizzetto, M., Canese, M. G., Aricò, S., Crivelli, O., Trepo, C., Bonino, F., & Verme, G. (1977). Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated with hepatitis B virus in the liver and serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut, 18, 997–1003.

Rosen, H. R. (2011). Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 2429–2438.

Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1989) Statistical Methods. 8th Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames.

Terrault, N. A., Lok, A. S., McMahon, B. J., Chang, K. M., Hwang, J. P., Jonas, M. M., ... & Wong, J. B. (2018). Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology, 67(4), 1560-1599.

Than, T. T., Jo, E., Todt, D., Nguyen, P. H., Steinmann, J., Steinmann, E., & Windisch, M. P. (2019). High environmental stability of hepatitis B virus and inactivation requirements for chemical biocides. The Journal of infectious diseases, 219(7), 1044-1048.

Thomas, D. L. (2019). Global Elimination of Chronic Hepatitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 380, 2041–2050.

Umezurike Kingsley Chimuanya, Chukwuma Oluchukwu Mariagoretti et al. (2022). Immunoglobulin G Seroprevalence of Lassa Fever Virus Among Individuals Residing Along the Banks of River Niger in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Angiotherapy, 6(2), 696-702.

World Health Organization. (2014). Waterborne Outbreaks of Hepatitis E: Recognition, Investigation, and Control.

World Health Organization. (2016). Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016-2021. Towards ending viral hepatitis

World Health Organization. (2019). Global Hepatitis Report 2017.

World Health Organization. Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021. 2021

Yuen, M. F., Chen, D. S., Dusheiko, G. M., Janssen, H. L., Lau, D. T., Locarnini, S. A., ... & Lai, C. L. (2018). Hepatitis B virus infection. Nature reviews Disease primers, 4(1), 1-20.

Zhang, J., Zhang, X. F., Huang, S. J., Wu, T., Hu, Y. M., Wang, Z. Z., ... Xia, N. S. (2015). Long-term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 914–922.

PDF
Abstract
Export Citation

View Dimensions


View Plumx


View Altmetric




Save
0
Citation
505
View

Share