Volume 9 Number 1 2025
TGF-β1 as a Molecular Target and Vitamin D Interaction in Diabetic Nephropathy: A Bio-clinical Correlation Study
Nusrat Chowdhury1*, Nirmal Chandra Mahat2, Tufael3, Md Abu Bakar Siddique4
Integrative Biomedical Research 9 (1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/biomedical.9110450
Submitted: 31 August 2025 Revised: 13 November 2025 Accepted: 17 November 2025 Published: 19 November 2025
Abstract
Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder that not only affects glucose metabolism but also significantly influences kidney function and vitamin D levels. Although some previous studies have explored these associations, the interplay between these biomarkers-considering age and gender differences-remains inadequately understood. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of these interrelationships.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2024 to May 2025 at a private diagnostic center in Dhaka. A total of 1,081 adults (793 males, 288 females), aged 30 or above, were included. Biochemical markers analyzed were FBS, 2hrs ABF, HbA1C, serum creatinine, and 25(OH)D. Glycemic groups were classified following ADA-2024 criteria. Additionally, molecular docking of TGF-β1 with calcitriol and pirfenidone was performed using PyRx (v0.9.8), followed by dynamics simulation via the iMODS platform.
Results: The findings revealed that worsening glycemic control was associated with higher serum creatinine levels and lower vitamin D levels. Females showed relatively higher glucose and HbA1C levels, along with more pronounced vitamin D deficiency. Increasing age was linked to elevated creatinine and decreased vitamin D. In docking analysis, Calcitriol formed a strong bond (2.38 Å) at the active site of TGF-β1, whereas Pirfenidone showed weaker interactions. DCCM matrix revealed coordinated motions in key protein regions, supporting possible ligand-induced conformational changes.
Conclusion: Major findings of the study, a clear association between poor glycemic control, declining kidney function, and vitamin D deficiency. These findings may serve as important clinical indicators for early detection and management of diabetic complications.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Serum Creatinine, Vitamin D Deficiency, Diabetic Nephropathy, TGF-β1
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