A Comparative Analysis of Bioavailability and Stability of Anti-Diabetic Drugs in Conventional vs. Nanoparticle-Based Formulations – A Review
Nazmun Nahar 1, 2*
Integrative Biomedical Research (Former Journal of Angiotherapy) 9(1) 1-12 https://doi.org/10.25163/biomedical.9110248
Submitted: 20 March 2025 Revised: 10 May 2025 Published: 12 May 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition marked by elevated blood glucose levels, often necessitating long-term pharmacological intervention. Conventional anti-diabetic drug formulations frequently suffer from low bioavailability and instability, which compromise therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a novel strategy to overcome these limitations.
Materials and Methods: This comparative study analyzed the bioavailability and stability of selected anti-diabetic drugs (metformin, glibenclamide, and pioglitazone) in both conventional and nanoparticle-loaded formulations. Nanoparticles were synthesized using the nanoprecipitation method with biocompatible polymers like PLGA. Characterization included particle size analysis, zeta potential, and drug encapsulation efficiency. In vitro drug release profiles were studied using simulated gastrointestinal fluids, and in vivo bioavailability was assessed in diabetic rodent models using HPLC analysis.
Results: Nanoparticle formulations demonstrated significantly improved drug stability and sustained release over 24 hours compared to conventional tablets, which showed rapid release and degradation. In vivo studies revealed a 2–3 fold increase in relative bioavailability for nanoparticle-loaded drugs. Moreover, glycemic control was more consistent and prolonged in animals treated with nanoparticle formulations.
Conclusion: Nanoparticle-based delivery systems offer a promising alternative to conventional anti-diabetic drug formulations. They enhance bioavailability, improve stability, and achieve better glycemic control, potentially leading to reduced dosing frequency and improved patient adherence. Future clinical trials are warranted to confirm translational potential in human subjects.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Anti-diabetic drugs, Bioavailability, Nanoparticles, Drug delivery system
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