Microbial Avengers: How Microorganisms Drive Angiogenesis for Good and Bad?

Md. Fakruddin^1*, Zarifah Chowdhury¹, Sayed Ul Alam Shibly², SM Bakhtiar Ul Islam¹, Jinath Sultana Jime¹, Nayeema Bulbul¹, Mohammad Badrul Anam³, Khanjada Shahnewaj Bin Mannan⁴, Md. Asaduzzaman Shishir⁵

The significance of microbe-induced angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis lies in their pivotal roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of infectious diseases. 

Abstract

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, and it plays a pivotal role in both the initiation and spread of cancer. Microorganisms have been recognized as influential regulators of angiogenesis, with certain strains fostering (angiogenic) while others impeding (antiangiogenic) this biological process. According to recent studies, microbes can control angiogenesis via various pathways, making them intriguing options for therapies meant to prevent cancer growth. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current understanding regarding how microbes modulate angiogenesis in cancer. It emphasizes the involvement of different bacterial and fungal species and elucidates the mechanisms through which they exert their effects. This review addresses how numerous microbes produce diverse bioactive substances that suppress the BCL-2 gene, leading to the disruption of mitochondrial outer membranes. Consequently, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria serves to inhibit angiogenesis through the formation of the apoptosome, a complex involving cytochrome c, Apaf-1, and procaspase-9, which catalyzes the activation of caspases. Ultimately, this cascade of events culminates in programmed cell death, thereby impeding the process of angiogenesis. Some bacteria produce proteins like basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promoting angiogenesis whereas certain bacteria induce angiogenesis by decreasing microRNA-203a levels, leading to increased production of proangiogenic factors which facilitates angiogenesis. Proangiogenic bacteria show promise in tissue regeneration and addressing vision impairment. These findings indicate potential for novel strategies to improve healing and vision in patients with diverse medical conditions. Nevertheless, additional investigation is required to refine the effectiveness and safety profiles of these bacterial-derived therapies for eventual clinical implementation. This review highlights the yet-to-be-explored capacity of microorganisms in cancer treatment through the suppression of angiogenesis, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies that could yield highly potent anti-cancer medications.

Keywords: Microbiome, Angiogenesis, Promote, Inhibit, Cancer.

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