Risks, Identification, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Against High Prevalence of Bacterial Infection in Contact Lens Solutions
Rana S. Hasan 1, Sawsan M. Alomari 2, Roaa A. Thamer 3, Mohammed Fadhil Haddad 4*
Journal of Angiotherapy 8(3) 1-10 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.839538
Submitted: 12 January 2024 Revised: 06 March 2024 Published: 09 March 2024
Abstract
Background: Contact lens wear has become increasingly common for vision correction and cosmetic purposes. However, it also causes risks of microbial contamination leading to ocular infections. The aim of our study was to investigate the bacterial contamination in commercial contact lens solutions. Method: A total of 33 samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial presence using both phenotypic and molecular methods. Phenotypic diagnosis involved culturing samples on specific media and utilizing the Vitik system. Results: Our results showed the presence of various bacterial groups in contact lens preservation solutions, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis being the most prevalent at 27.2% and 21.2%, respectively. The highest percentage of infections occurred in the age range of 12-20 years (41%), followed by 21-30 years (22%), 31-40 years (19%), 41-50 years (13%), and 51-60 years (5%). Regarding education level, individuals with primary education showed a higher percentage of eye infections (63%) compared to those with secondary education (27%) or higher education (10%). A higher percentage of infections was observed among individuals wearing lenses for 24 hours (57%) compared to those wearing them for 12, 6, or 1 hour, at 22%, 14%, and 7% respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study demonstrated the importance of adherence to proper lens care practices to improve lens safety and reduce microbial contamination. Effective measures are essential to mitigate the risks associated with contact lens wear and maintain optimal eye health.
Keywords: Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Contact lenses, microbial contamination, antibiotic susceptibility, eye infections, disinfection solutions.
References
Abadi,M.S.S.,Arjmand, M. S., Kakian, F., Hafshejani,A. M., Dehkordi,M.B and Hamid Heidari, H.(2021). Bacterial Ocular Infections in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. DOI 10.5001/omj., 2023.22.
AbdelkaderA.(2014).Cosmetic soft contact lens associated ulcerativekeratitis in southern Saudi Arabia. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol.,21(3):232-235.
Abid, A.J. and Ewadh, R.M.(2012). Etiology of Bacterial Eye Infections and Determination of Immune Response of Infected Patient. Medical Journal of Babylon., 9(4): 799- 805.
Alasadi, S. Z., Ibraheim, W. and Almusawi, L. A. (2022). Microbial Contamination of Soft Contact Lenses Among Medical School Students in Southern Iraq. Clinical Ophthalmology.,16 3651–3660.
Al-Hilli, F. A.M.(2021).Study of Microbial Contamination of Some Commercial Contact Lens Solutions. Iraqi J Pharm Sci, 30(2):214-218.
Al-Janabi, A. O. F. Sarab Fawzi Al-Ani, S.F. and Sarah Imad, S.(2013). Biofilms Formation on Contact Lenses: Clinical and Bacteriological Study. Diyala Journal of Medicine., 5(2): 11-18.
Al-Mujaini, A.(2020). Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to common eye diseases among the Omani population: How far have we come. Oman M J. Jan Feb., 35(1):479-480.
Al-Shimmary, S. M., Mohamed, N. S., Al-Qaysi, S. A., & Almohaidi, A. M. S. (2021). Phylogeny analysis of gyrB gene and 16S rRNA genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Iraqi Patients. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 14(5), 2517-2521.
Altaa,M.E., Aziz,I.H.,and Marhoon, A.A. (2014). Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by 16s rRNA gene for differentiation from other Pseudomonas species that isolated from patients and environment. Baghdad Science Journal.,11(2)1028-1034.
Ashurst,J.V.,Dawson,A.(2023).Klebsiella pneumonia [updated 2023 jan 30].in:SatatPearls [internet].Treasure island (fl): SatatPearls Pubulishing; 2023 Jan- Available fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519004/.
Aso, J. O., Omololu-Aso, O.O., Egbedokun, A., Otusanya,O.O, Owolabi,A.T. and Oluwasanmi, A.V. (2017). Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Out-patient Individuals Attending the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria.3(1):1-6.
Bharathi, J.M., Ramakrishan, R., Shivakumar, C., Meenakshi, R. and Lionalraj, D.(2010). Etiology and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of community-acquired bacterial ocular infections in a tertiary eye care hospital in south India. Indian J Ophthalmol.,58(6):497–507.
Bôas,V.T.V.,Júnior,G.C.A.,Almeida,M.T.G.Gonçalves,M.S.and Coelho,L.F.(2018). Microbiological analysis of contact lens cases: impact of the hospital environment. Arq Bras Oftalmo.,81(5):371-375
Brasileira, S, and Lentes, DECE. and Soblec, DEC.( 2000). Úlcera de córnea bacteriana. Arq Bras Oftalmol.,63(1):495-8.
Chhabra, S., Kunimoto, D.Y., Kazi, L., Regillo, C.D, A.C H.O.and Belmont. J.(2006). Endophthalmitis after open globe injury: microbiologic spectrum and susceptibilities of isolates. Am J Ophthalmol.,142(5):852–4.
Choby,J.E.,Howard – Anderson. J.,and Weiss, D S. ( 2020). Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumonia – clinical and molecular perspective.Journal of internal Medicin.,287(3):283-300.
CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (2021). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 29 th ed. CLSI supplement M 100 - Ed 31.
Dart J. (1997). The inside story: why contact lens cases become contaminated. Contact Lens Anterior Eye.,20(4):113-118.
Eguchi, H., Miyamoto, T., Kuwahara, T., Mitamura, S.and Mitamura Y.(2013). Infectious conjunctivitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a bathroom. BMC Res Notes.,6:245.
Gomes, A.T.A. Ealis, W.P., Scaletsky, I.C.A.,Guth, B.E.C.,Rodigues, J,F.,Piazza,R.M.F. Ferreria, L.C.S.,Marteniz, M. B. ( 2016). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Brazilin Journal of Microbiology., 47:3-30.
Holden., B.A, La Hood,D., Grant, T., NewtonHowes, J., Baleriola-Lucas, C., Willcox, M.D., and Sweeney, D.F.(1996). Gram-negative bacteria can induce contact lens related acute red eye (CLARE) responses. CLAO J., 22(1):47–52.
Issa, A. H., Almayah, A.A. and Ibrahim, H. K. (2019). New Virulence Factor of Normal Flora E. coli. Sys Rev Pharm., 11(2): 71 -76.
Li, B., Zhao, Y., Liu,C., Chen, Z., and Zhou, D.(2014).Molecular pathogenesis of klebsiella pneumonia. Future Microbiology., 9(9):1071-1081.
Lipener C, Ray CBM.( 20080. Sistemas atuais de cuidados e manutenção de lentes de contato. Arq Bras Oftalmol.,71(6):9-13.
Mahmood.,S.E.(2021). Isolation and diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from disease Cases and Effect of Antibiotics on it. Futures Research Center / Futures Research., 49: 231-247.
Panthi, S., Paudel, P., Chaudhary, M., Sapkoto, K. and Shah, D. ( 2014). Microbial contamination of contact lens care accessories and compliance with care regimens in Nepal. (2014). Contact lens and Anterior eye.,37:2-10.
Patel,C., Desai, Z. and Naimika, Patel, N ( 2022). Study of Microbial Contamination of Contact Lens Care Solution and Contact Lens Care Practices in users of Central Gujarat. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine.,9(4) 471 – 479.
Sanders, M.E., Taylor, S., Tullos, N., Norcross, E., Moore, Q.C. and Thompson, H.(2013). Passive immunization with Pneumovax W 23 and pneumolysin in combination with vancomycin for pneumococcal endophthalmitis. BMC Ophthalmol.,13(8).
Sharma,S.(2012). Diagnosis of infectious diseases of the eye. Eye (Lond).,26:177-84.
Szczotka-Flynn LB, P.E, Ghannoum.,M, ( 2010) Microbial Contamination of Contact Lenses, Lens Care Solutions, and Their Accessories: A Literature Review. Eye Contact Lens., 36(2):116-129.
Teweldemedhin,M., Gebreyesus,H., Ataklti Hailu,A. and Solomon, A., Asgedom, W. and Muthupandian Saravanan,M.(2017). Bacterial profile of ocular infections: a systematic review. BMC Ophthalmology., 17:212 DOI 10.1186/s12886-017-0612-2.
Tsegaw, A., Tsegaw, A., Abula, T. and Assefa, Y.(2017). Bacterial Contamination of Multi-dose Eye Drops at Ophthalmology Department, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Mid., 24(2):81-86.
Waghmare,S.V. and Jeria,S.(2022). A Review of contact lens – related risk factor and complications.Cureus14(10): e30118. DOI10.7759/cureus.30118.
Watson, S., Cabrera-Aguas, M. andKhoo, P.(2018).Common eye infections. NPS MedicineWise., 41 (3):67-72.
Yung, M.S., Boost, M., Cho, P. and Yap, M.( 2007). Microbial contamination of contact lenses and lens care accessories of soft contact lens wearers (university students) in Hong Kong. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt.,27(1):11–21. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00427.x.
Zainodin, E., Najmee, N., Hamzah, F., and Saliman, N.(2021).Ocular complications in contact lens wear and the risk factors: A retrospective analysis. Environ-Behav Proc J., 15:105-10. 10.21834/ebpj.v6i17.2881.
View Dimensions
View Altmetric
Save
Citation
View
Share