Volume 9 Number 1 2025
Comprehensive Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview of Bacterial Pneumonia: Etiology, Diagnostic Approaches, and Implications for Nursing Management in Pulmonary Infections
Abdullah Saud Alotaibi 1, Eidan Abdullah Saleh Aleidan 1, Alqahtani Mohammed Saeed M 1, Majed Nasser Mohammad Maashi 1, Sultan Mesfer Alotaibi 1, Abdulrahman Saad Marzouq Albagami 1, Ibrahim Ahmed Al Abdan 1, Agab Snetan Ghaniman Alharbi 1, Faisal Saed Almutairi 1, Muteb Mohammed Mesfer Alwadai 1, Fayez Bin Hindi A Alanazi 1
Integrative Biomedical Research (Journal of Angiotherapy) 8(1) 1-9 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.8110309
Submitted: 12 November 2023 Revised: 04 January 2024 Published: 05 January 2024
Abstract
Background: Bacterial pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma due to bacterial pathogens. It is classified into community-acquired (CAP), hospital-acquired (HAP), healthcare-associated (HCAP), and ventilator-associated (VAP) pneumonia, each with distinct etiologies and management strategies. This article provides a comprehensive review of bacterial pneumonia, focusing on etiology, diagnostic approaches, risk factors, and Nursing management to optimize patient outcomes. Methods: The study synthesizes clinical, laboratory, and radiological diagnostic methods, including chest X-rays, sputum cultures, and biomarkers. Management strategies emphasize empirical antibiotic therapy, risk stratification (e.g., CURB-65), and tailored treatment based on pathogen identification. Results: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common CAP pathogen, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA dominate HAP/VAP. Early antibiotic initiation improves outcomes, with macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and beta-lactams as first-line agents. Vaccination, smoking cessation, and multidisciplinary care reduce complications and mortality. Conclusion: Bacterial pneumonia requires prompt diagnosis and tailored therapy. Interprofessional collaboration enhances recovery, while preventive measures like vaccinations mitigate recurrence. Future research should focus on antibiotic resistance and novel diagnostics.
Keywords: Bacterial pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, CURB-65, antibiotic therapy, vaccination, multidisciplinary care.
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