A Review of Radiology and Optical Coherence Tomography in Dental Diagnostics

Hemlata Dewangan ¹*, Mahendra Kumar Sahu ¹

This review assessed the advantages, limitations, and combined efficacy of radiology and OCT in dental diagnostics, enhancing imaging precision.

Abstract

Background: The rapid evolution of imaging technologies has significantly transformed dentistry, improving the diagnosis and treatment of various dental conditions. While traditional radiological methods such as X-rays and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) remain the cornerstone of dental imaging, the emergence of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) offers a non-invasive, radiation-free alternative. This review examines the comparative efficacy of X-ray and OCT technologies in diagnosing hard tissue conditions in the oral cavity. Methods: The review analyzed the application of OCT and radiology in dental diagnostics through a custom-built Swept-Source OCT system, assessing its performance against traditional radiological methods. The study utilized both in vivo and ex vivo evaluations, considering variables such as resolution, depth penetration, and image clarity across different dental conditions. Results: OCT demonstrated superior capabilities in detecting early-stage cavities, fractures, and minor imperfections, particularly when high-resolution imaging was required. However, its limited penetration compared to X-rays restricted its application in comprehensive bone assessments. Radiology, especially CBCT, provided essential volumetric data crucial for evaluating bone density, fractures, and post-surgical conditions, though it posed concerns related to radiation exposure. Combining both modalities proved beneficial, offering complementary insights that enhanced overall diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: While X-ray-based radiology remains indispensable for broad evaluations of dental and bone structures, OCT presents a valuable adjunct, particularly for high-precision assessments of soft tissues and small surface defects. The synergistic use of these technologies can provide a more holistic approach to dental diagnostics, potentially improving patient care and treatment outcomes. Future advancements in OCT could further expand its role in routine dental practice, enhancing diagnostic accuracy while minimizing radiation exposure risks.

Keywords: Dental Imaging, Optical Coherence Tomography, Radiology, Dental Diagnostics, Cone Beam Computed Tomography

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