Tissue Factor Levels Used as Coagulation Biomarkers in Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients

Waleed Haji Saeed ^1*, Zikri Mahmood Mirza ¹, Mohammed Rashid Ameen ¹, Sarkaft Ghareeb Omer ²

This study dtermined elevated Tissue Factor levels as a potential biomarker for thrombotic risk in diabetic and hypertensive patients.

Abstract

Background: Tissue factor is a key initiator of the clotting process, and elevated levels are associated with abnormal thrombogenesis. Patients with chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension may exhibit increased tissue factor concentrations, which can lead to serious complications. This study aims to determine tissue factor levels among diabetic patients, diabetics with uncontrolled hypertension, and healthy volunteers, to explore the potential of tissue factor as a diagnostic biomarker. Methods: Tissue factor concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and glycated hemoglobin type 1A (HbA1c) levels were estimated with the Cobas instrument. The study population included diabetic patients, diabetics with uncontrolled hypertension, and healthy volunteers. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, with comparisons made between the groups. Results: The results showed significantly higher tissue factor concentrations in patients compared to healthy volunteers. The mean tissue factor level in patients was 100.12 (±26.92) pg/mL, while in healthy volunteers, it was 59.17 (±19.24) pg/mL (p < 0.001). Diabetic patients with elevated HbA1c levels had higher tissue factor concentrations compared to healthy volunteers (mean HbA1c: 6.95 (±1.853)% vs. 4.28 (±0.327)%). Moreover, patients with both diabetes and hypertension had the highest tissue factor levels, with a mean of 130.89 (±14.33) pg/mL (p < 0.001). No significant differences in tissue factor levels were observed based on gender or age (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Elevated tissue factor levels were observed in patients with diabetes and hypertension, particularly in those with poorly controlled conditions. This elevation suggests an increased risk of coagulation disorders, potentially affecting vital organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys. Tissue factor could serve as a valuable diagnostic biomarker, allowing for early intervention in patients at risk of developing serious complications.

Keywords: Tissue Factor (TF), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Hypertension (HT), Coagulation Cascade, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

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