Quercus infectoria Bark Extract Shows Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus Species

 Zainab Ahmed Aziz ^1*, Siham Jasim Al Kaabi ¹

This study determined the effect of Quercus infectoria bark as antibiotic and its resistance in bacterial infections.

Abstract

Background: Quercus infectoria bark is known for its various medicinal characteristics, including its phenolic compounds that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Methods: Fifty Staphylococcus spp. samples were collected from hospitals in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province, and Quercus infectoria bark extract was prepared in different concentrations. The inhibitory efficacy of the extracts against bacterial growth was assessed using the well diffusion method. Additionally, the effect of the extracts on bacterial adherence to epithelial cells was evaluated. Results: Both hot aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Quercus infectoria bark demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on bacterial isolates, with higher concentrations showing greater efficacy. The alcoholic extract exhibited superior inhibitory activity compared to the aqueous extract. Moreover, the extracts reduced the adhesion of bacterial isolates to epithelial cells, indicating their potential to prevent bacterial colonization and infection. Conclusion: Quercus infectoria bark extract showed promising inhibitory capabilities against Staphylococcus spp. isolates and effectively reduced bacterial adherence to epithelial cells. These findings suggest the potential of Quercus infectoria bark as a natural antimicrobial agent for combating bacterial infections. Further research is warranted to explore its effectiveness against other bacterial species and its clinical applications.

Keywords: Quercus infectoria, Staphylococcus, Antibacterial activity, Plant extracts, Alternative medicine

References

Al-Kinani, M. H. H. (2019). Study of the effect of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) on the growth and biofilm formation of local isolates of Staphylococcus spp. [Master's thesis, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa].

Al-Samarrai, K. W. (1983). Distribution of alkaloids and their taxonomic importance in some wild species from the family Solanaceae in Iraq [Master's thesis, College of Science, University Baghdad].

Basri, D. F., & Fan, S. (2005). The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 37(1), 26-29.

Betty Fitriyasti, Siska Ferilda, Widia Sari et al. (2024). In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Seribu kuman Leaf (Rhinacanthus nasutus (l.) Kurz) Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(1), 1-7, 9433

Burlacu, E., Nisca, A., & Tanase, C. (2020). A comprehensive review of phytochemistry and biological activities of Quercus species. Forests, 11(9), 904.

Cown, M. M. (1999). Plant products as antibacterial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4), 564-582.

Deryabin, D. G., & Tolmacheva, A. A. (2015). Antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing molecular composition derived from Quercus cortex (oak bark) extract. Molecules, 20, 17093-17108.

Egorove, N. S. (1985). Antibiotics: Scientific approach. Mir Publishers.

Ferreira, J. P., Miranda, I., Sousa, V. B., & Pereira, H. (2018). Chemical composition of barks from Quercus faginea trees and characterization of their lipophilic and polar extracts. PLoS One, 13(5), e0197135.

Hanoon, A. N., & Abd, F. N. (2021). The antimicrobial activity of Quercus infectoria extracts against bacteria isolated from wounds infection. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science, 32(1), 1.

Harborne, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical methods. Halsted Press.

Harborne, J. B. (1984). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis (2nd ed.). Chapman and Hall.

Josse, J., Laurent, F., & Diot, A. (2017). Staphylococcal adhesion and host cell invasion: Fibronectin-binding and other mechanisms. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 2433.

Kokate, C. K. (1994). Practical Pharmacognosy. Vallabh Prakashan.

Lee, I. T., Lin, C. C., Yang, C. C., Hsiao, L. D., Wu, M. Y., & Chuen-MaoYang, C. M. (2018). Resveratrol attenuates Staphylococcus aureus activation in human lung epithelial cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 1-16.

Lomberg, H., Cedergren, B., Leffler, H., Nelsson, B., Carlstrom, A. S., & Eden, C. S. (1986). Influence of blood group on the availability of receptor for attachment of uropathogenic E.coli. Infection and Immunity, 51(3), 9190-9206.

Manhel, A. J., & Kareem Niamah, A. (2012). Effect of aqueous and alcoholic plant extracts on inhibition of some types of microbes causing food spoilage. Journal of Nutrition and Food Science.

Morgan, G. A., Leech, N. A., Gloeciner, G. W., & Barrett, K. C. (2004). SPSS for introductory statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.).

Newman, D. J., & Cragg, G. M. (2012). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. Journal of Natural Products, 75(3), 311-335.

Ray, A. B., Sarma, B. K., & Singh, U. P. (2004). Medicinal properties of plants: Antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Army Printing Press.

Stern, J. L., Hagerman, A. E., Steinberg, P. D., & Mason, P. K. (1996). Phlorotannin-protein interactions. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 22, 1887-1899.

Weidenmaier, C., & Peschel, A. (2008). Teichoic acids and related cell-wall glycopolymers in Gram-positive physiology and host interactions. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6(4), 276-287.

Zinedine, A., & Faid, M. (2007). Isolation and characterization of strains of Bifidobacteria with probiotic properties in vitro. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences, 2(1), 28-34.