The Clinical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Features of Bone Metastases - A Review

Ragini Patel ^1*, Yogendra Sahu ²

A deep learning model to trace bone metastasis origins, addressing challenges in diagnosis and emphasizing therapeutic implications and monitoring.

Abstract

Malignant tumors can spread differently, and bone metastasis is a complex process starting years before detection. Cancerous cells adhere in bone marrow spaces, growing undetected. Immunohistochemistry helps diagnose, but up to 30% have unidentified bone metastases despite tests and imaging. This review study introduces a deep learning model (DL-BM) to trace bone metastasis genesis, aiding pathologists when biopsy alone is insufficient. Clinicopathological analysis identifies the main carcinoma site in metastases with unclear origins. Thorough histological examinations of bone biopsies are crucial for suspecting the primary cancer. This review emphasizes using bone degradation indicators to identify bone metastases, tracking disease development, and monitoring treatment response.

Keywords: Deep learning, Bone Metastases, Immunohistochemistry, Bone cancer

References

Agnoli, C., Sabattini, S., Ubiali, A., Battisti, E., Rossi, F., Diana, A., ... & Marconato, L. (2023). A retrospective study on bone metastasis in dogs with advanced-stage solid cancer. Journal of Small Animal Practice.

Desai, K., Brown, L., Wei, W., Tucker, M., Kao, C., Kinsey, E., ... & Ornstein, M. C. (2021). A multi-institutional, retrospective analysis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma to bone treated with combination ipilimumab and nivolumab. Targeted oncology, 16(5), 633-642.

Diel, I. J., Greil, R., Janssen, J., Kluike, C. W., Behera, B., Abbasi, A., ... & Haslbauer, F. (2022). Medication adherence with denosumab in patients with bone metastases from solid tumors treated in routine clinical settings: a retrospective study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 30(11), 9267-9278.

Gan, E. Y., Chio, M. T. W., & Tan, W. P. (2015). A retrospective review of cutaneous metastases at the N ational S kin C entre S ingapore. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 56(1), 1-6.

Geraets, S. E., Bos, P. K., & van der Stok, J. (2020). Preoperative embolization in surgical treatment of long bone metastasis: a systematic literature review. EFORT Open Reviews, 5(1), 17.

Hong, J. H., Jung, J. Y., Jo, A., Nam, Y., Pak, S., Lee, S. Y., ... & Kim, S. (2021). Development and validation of a radiomics model for differentiating bone islands and osteoblastic bone metastases at abdominal CT. Radiology, 299(3), 626-632.

https://www.kaggle.com/code/akarshu121/cancer-detection-with-cnn-for-beginners

Hu, C., Yang, J., Huang, Z., Liu, C., Lin, Y., Tong, Y., ... & Zhao, C. L. (2020). Diagnostic and prognostic nomograms for bone metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC cancer, 20, 1-11.

Ito, K., Yamaguchi, T., Ogawa, H., Nakajima, Y., & Karasawa, K. (2020). Stereotactic body radiotherapy for bone metastases in patients with colorectal cancer. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 50(12), 1442-1446.

Kanbayashi, Y., Sakaguchi, K., Hongo, F., Ishikawa, T., Tabuchi, Y., Ukimura, O., ... & Taguchi, T. (2021). Predictors for development of denosumab-induced hypocalcaemia in cancer patients with bone metastases determined by ordered logistic regression analysis. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 978.

Li, X., Wang, L., Chen, S., Zhou, F., Zhao, J., Zhao, W., & Su, C. (2020). Adverse impact of bone metastases on clinical outcomes of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thoracic Cancer, 11(10), 2812-2819.

Liu, D., Wu, J., Lin, C., Andriani, L., Ding, S., Shen, K., & Zhu, L. (2020). Breast subtypes and prognosis of breast cancer patients with initial bone metastasis: a population-based study. Frontiers in oncology, 10, 580112.

Makita, K., Hamamoto, Y., Kanzaki, H., Kataoka, M., Yamamoto, S., Nagasaki, K., ... & Kido, T. (2021). Local control of bone metastases treated with external beam radiotherapy in recent years: a multicenter retrospective study. Radiation Oncology, 16, 1-8.

Mannavola, F., Mandala, M., Todisco, A., Sileni, V. C., Palla, M., Minisini, A. M., ... & Tucci, M. (2020). An Italian retrospective survey on bone metastasis in melanoma: impact of immunotherapy and radiotherapy on survival. Frontiers in Oncology, 10, 1652.

Maru, D. M., Khurana, H., Rashid, A., Correa, A. M., Anandasabapathy, S., Krishnan, S., ... & Hofstetter, W. L. (2008). Retrospective study of clinicopathologic features and prognosis of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus. The American journal of surgical pathology, 32(9), 1404-1411.

Masci, G., Caruso, M., Caruso, F., Salvini, P., Carnaghi, C., Giordano, L., ... & Santoro, A. (2015). Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics in male breast cancer: a retrospective case series. The oncologist, 20(6), 586-592.

Okuma, S., Matsuda, Y., Nariai, Y., Karino, M., Suzuki, R., & Kanno, T. (2020). A retrospective observational study of risk factors for denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with bone metastases from solid cancers. Cancers, 12(5), 1209.

Papandrianos, N., Papageorgiou, E. I., & Anagnostis, A. (2020). Development of convolutional neural networks to identify bone metastasis for prostate cancer patients in bone scintigraphy. Annals of Nuclear Medicine, 34, 824-832.

Peng, C., Juan, C., Mao, W., Jinghe, Y., & Renli, T. (2022). Retrospective analysis of risk factors for bone metastasis in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences, 26(11).

Pomykala, K. L., Czernin, J., Grogan, T. R., Armstrong, W. R., Williams, J., & Calais, J. (2020). Total-body 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT for bone metastasis detection in prostate cancer patients: Potential impact on bone scan guidelines. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 61(3), 405-411.

Wang, Z., Wang, H., Ding, X., Chen, X., & Shen, K. (2020). A large-cohort retrospective study of metastatic patterns and prognostic outcomes between inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancer. Therapeutic advances in medical oncology, 12, 1758835920932674.

Xiong, T., Jiang, M., Ye, X., Zhu, G., Cao, F., Cui, Y., ... & Niu, Y. (2023). Skull metastasis is a poor prognostic factor for prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis: a retrospective study based on a Chinese population. BMC urology, 23(1), 1-6.

Xu, Y., Zhang, S., Liao, X., Li, M., Chen, S., Li, X., ... & Li, J. (2021). Circular RNA circIKBKB promotes breast cancer bone metastasis through sustaining NF-κB/bone remodeling factors signaling. Molecular Cancer, 20(1), 1-18.

Yang, Y., Li, Y., Wu, Y., Qiu, S., Liu, C., Wang, Q., ... & Du, D. (2020). Retrospective analysis of CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation for treatment of painful osteolytic bone metastasis. Cryobiology, 92, 203-207.

Yuan, X., Qian, N., Ling, S., Li, Y., Sun, W., Li, J., ... & Li, Y. (2021). Breast cancer exosomes contribute to pre-metastatic niche formation and promote bone metastasis of tumor cells. Theranostics, 11(3), 1429.

Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Ding, L., Zheng, Y., Wu, C., Wang, K., ... & Ge, P. (2023). Development and validation of a novel risk model in newly diagnosed de novo bone metastatic prostate cancer (M1b): a retrospective study. PeerJ, 11, e14615.

Zhao, Z., Pi, Y., Jiang, L., Xiang, Y., Wei, J., Yang, P., ... & Cai, H. (2020). Deep neural network based artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis of bone scintigraphy for cancer bone metastasis. Scientific reports, 10(1), 17046.