Angiogenesis, Inflammation & Therapeutics | Online ISSN  2207-872X
REVIEWS   (Open Access)

Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism Relationships on The Example of NAFLD and Atherosclerosis Relationships

Anastasia Vladimirovna Poznyak 1, Victoria A. Khotina 2,3, Mikhail ?lexandrovich Popov 2, Nikolay Alexandrovich Orekhov 2, Vasily Nikolaevich Sukhorukov 2,4, Dmitry Felixovich Beloyartsev 5, Alexander Nikolaevich Orekhov 2,3

+ Author Affiliations

Journal of Angiotherapy 8(5) 1-13 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.859571

Submitted: 14 March 2024  Revised: 08 May 2024  Published: 20 May 2024 

Abstract

The relationships between the occurrence of diseases that share similarities are of particular interest to scientists and clinicians. Such an analysis can help understand underlying mechanisms and improve disease management. This review examines the relationship between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and atherosclerosis. While lipid metabolism disorders are a key intersection in their pathogenesis, there are other significant connections. We also explore how one disease can act as a risk factor for the development of the other. A dedicated section is included on the treatment methods for these two pathologies.

Keywords: Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, NAFLD, Liver, Hepatopathology

References

Açikel, M., Sunay, S., Koplay, M., Gündogdu, F., & Karakelleoglu, S. (2009). Evaluation of ultrasonographic fatty liver and severity of coronary atherosclerosis, and obesity in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Anadolu kardiyoloji dergisi : AKD = the Anatolian journal of cardiology, 9(4), 273–279.

Al Rifai, M., Silverman, M. G., Nasir, K., Budoff, M. J., Blankstein, R., Szklo, M., Katz, R., Blumenthal, R. S., & Blaha, M. J. (2015). The association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, with systemic inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis, 239(2), 629–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.011

Ampuero, J., Gallego-Durán, R., & Romero-Gómez, M. (2015). Association of NAFLD with subclinical atherosclerosis and coronary-artery disease: meta-analysis. Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas, 107(1), 10–16.

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Ludmila V Nedosugova, Vasily N. Sukhorukov. (2023i). Hepatitis C and atherosclerosis: inflammatory interplay, Journal of Angiotherpay, 7(1), 1-10, 9361

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Varvara A. Orekhova, Vasily N. Sukhorukov. (2024a). Platelet Implication in Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(1), 1-8, 9385

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Vasily N. Sukhorukov, Igor A. Sobenin et al. (2024g). Exploring the Link between Chronic Inflammation and Atherosclerosis-Endometriosis Association, Journa of Angiotherapy, 8(3), 1-8, 9556

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Victoria A. Khotina, Alexandra A. Melnichenko et al., (2024b). Vitamin D Deficiency As A Contributor To Atherosclerosis Development – A Review, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(2), 1-11, 9389

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Victoria A. Khotina, Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavol. (2024c). Interplay And Causative Relationship Between Frailty And Atherosclerosis, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(2), 1-11, 9449

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Victoria A. Khotina, Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavo. (2024d). Neoatherosclerosis And Paleoatherosclerosis: Complications After Stenting, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(2), 1-9, 9450

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Victoria A. Khotina, Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavo. (2024e). Neoatherosclerosis And Paleoatherosclerosis: Complications After Stenting, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(2), 1-9, 9450

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Victoria A. Khotina, Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavol et al. (2024f). The Role of Natural Compounds for Atherosclerosis Treatment: Lessons Learned from The Use of Curcumin, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(3), 1-8, 9555

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Victoria A. Khotina, Victor Y Glanz et al. (2024h). Advances in Cellular Models of Atherosclerosis, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(3), 1-8, 9503

Armstrong, M. J., Gaunt, P., Aithal, G. P., Barton, D., Hull, D., Parker, R., Hazlehurst, J. M., Guo, K., LEAN trial team, Abouda, G., Aldersley, M. A., Stocken, D., Gough, S. C., Tomlinson, J. W., Brown, R. M., Hübscher, S. G., & Newsome, P. N. (2016). Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet (London, England), 387(10019), 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00803-X

Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., Michos, E. D., Miedema, M. D., Muñoz, D., Smith, S. C., Jr, Virani, S. S., Williams, K. A., Sr, Yeboah, J., & Ziaeian, B. (2019). 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 140(11), e596–e646. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678

Arslan, U., & Yenerçag, M. (2020). Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary heart disease. World journal of clinical cases, 8(20), 4688–4699. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i20.4688

Arslan, U., Kocaoglu, I., Balci, M., Duyuler, S., & Korkmaz, A. (2012). The association between impaired collateral circulation and non-alcoholic fatty liver in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Journal of cardiology, 60(3), 210–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.05.003

Asbaghi, O., Choghakhori, R., Ashtary-Larky, D., & Abbasnezhad, A. (2020). Effects of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 37, 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.03.003

Bae J. Y. (2020). Resistance Exercise Regulates Hepatic Lipolytic Factors as Effective as Aerobic Exercise in Obese Mice. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(22), 8307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228307

Bc, B., Jaiswal, R. K., Gupta, P. K., Paudel, R., & Subedi, R. K. (2021). Carotid Intima-media Thickness in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Attending a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 59(237), 454–459. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.5719

Bigler, M. R., & Seiler, C. (2019). The Human Coronary Collateral Circulation, Its Extracardiac Anastomoses and Their Therapeutic Promotion. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(15), 3726. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153726

Biswas, A., Rabbani, S. I., & Devi, K. (2012). Influence of pioglitazone on experimental heart failure and hyperlipidemia in rats. Indian journal of pharmacology, 44(3), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.96305

Blais, P., Lin, M., Kramer, J. R., El-Serag, H. B., & Kanwal, F. (2016). Statins Are Underutilized in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Dyslipidemia. Digestive diseases and sciences, 61(6), 1714–1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-015-4000-6

Bril, F., Biernacki, D. M., Kalavalapalli, S., Lomonaco, R., Subbarayan, S. K., Lai, J., Tio, F., Suman, A., Orsak, B. K., Hecht, J., & Cusi, K. (2019). Role of Vitamin E for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes care, 42(8), 1481–1488. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-0167

Chalasani, N. P., Sanyal, A. J., Kowdley, K. V., Robuck, P. R., Hoofnagle, J., Kleiner, D. E., Unalp, A., Tonascia, J., & NASH CRN Research Group (2009). Pioglitazone versus vitamin E versus placebo for the treatment of non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: PIVENS trial design. Contemporary clinical trials, 30(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2008.09.003

Chew, N. W. S., Chong, B., Ng, C. H., Kong, G., Chin, Y. H., Xiao, W., Lee, M., Dan, Y. Y., Muthiah, M. D., & Foo, R. (2022). The genetic interactions between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in genetics, 13, 971484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.971484

Chung, G. E., Choi, S. Y., Kim, D., Kwak, M. S., Park, H. E., Kim, M. K., & Yim, J. Y. (2015). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor of arterial stiffness measured by the cardioankle vascular index. Medicine, 94(12), e654. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000654

Damba, T., Bourgonje, A. R., Abdulle, A. E., Pasch, A., Sydor, S., van den Berg, E. H., Gansevoort, R. T., Bakker, S. J. L., Blokzijl, H., Dullaart, R. P. F., van Goor, H., & Moshage, H. (2020). Oxidative stress is associated with suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and all-cause mortality in the general population. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 40(9), 2148–2159. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14562

Fernández, T., Viñuela, M., Vidal, C., & Barrera, F. (2022). Lifestyle changes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 17(2), e0263931. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263931

Francque, S. M., Marchesini, G., Kautz, A., Walmsley, M., Dorner, R., Lazarus, J. V., Zelber-Sagi, S., Hallsworth, K., Busetto, L., Frühbeck, G., Dicker, D., Woodward, E., Korenjak, M., Willemse, J., Koek, G. H., Vinker, S., Ungan, M., Mendive, J. M., & Lionis, C. (2021). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A patient guideline. JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology, 3(5), 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100322

Grefhorst, A., van de Peppel, I. P., Larsen, L. E., Jonker, J. W., & Holleboom, A. G. (2021). The Role of Lipophagy in the Development and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Frontiers in endocrinology, 11, 601627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.601627

Hamaguchi, M., Kojima, T., Takeda, N., Nagata, C., Takeda, J., Sarui, H., Kawahito, Y., Yoshida, N., Suetsugu, A., Kato, T., Okuda, J., Ida, K., & Yoshikawa, T. (2007). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a novel predictor of cardiovascular disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 13(10), 1579–1584. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i10.1579

Handhle, A., Viljoen, A., & Wierzbicki, A. S. (2021). Elevated Lipoprotein(a): Background, Current Insights and Future Potential Therapies. Vascular health and risk management, 17, 527–542. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S266244

Huang, Y., Bi, Y., Xu, M., Ma, Z., Xu, Y., Wang, T., Li, M., Liu, Y., Lu, J., Chen, Y., Huang, F., Xu, B., Zhang, J., Wang, W., Li, X., & Ning, G. (2012). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 32(9), 2321–2326. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.252957

Hydes, T. J., Ravi, S., Loomba, R., & E Gray, M. (2020). Evidence-based clinical advice for nutrition and dietary weight loss strategies for the management of NAFLD and NASH. Clinical and molecular hepatology, 26(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2020.0067

Izuhara, M., Shioji, K., Kadota, S., Baba, O., Takeuchi, Y., Uegaito, T., Mutsuo, S., & Matsuda, M. (2008). Relationship of cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) to carotid and coronary arteriosclerosis. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society, 72(11), 1762–1767. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-08-0152

Kechagias, S., Ekstedt, M., Simonsson, C., & Nasr, P. (2022). Non-invasive diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones (Athens, Greece), 21(3), 349–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-022-00377-8

Koulaouzidis, G., Charisopoulou, D., Kukla, M., Marlicz, W., Rydzewska, G., Koulaouzidis, A., & Skonieczna-Zydecka, K. (2021). Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with coronary artery calcification progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Przeglad gastroenterologiczny, 16(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.5114/pg.2021.109063

Kwak, M. S., & Kim, D. (2018). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lifestyle modifications, focusing on physical activity. The Korean journal of internal medicine, 33(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2017.343

Lai, Y. H., Su, C. H., Hung, T. C., Yun, C. H., Tsai, C. T., Yeh, H. I., & Hung, C. L. (2022). Association of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatic Fibrosis with Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volume and Atrial Deformation Mechanics in a Large Asian Population Free from Clinical Heart Failure. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 12(4), 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040916

Langroudi, T. F., Haybar, H., Parsa, S. A., Mahjoorian, M., Khaheshi, I., & Naderian, M. (2018). The severity of coronary artery disease was not associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a series of 264 non-diabetic patients who underwent coronary angiography. Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne, 56(3), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.2478/rjim-2018-0009

Leers, J. M., Knepper, L., van der Veen, A., Schröder, W., Fuchs, H., Schiller, P., Hellmich, M., Zettelmeyer, U., Brosens, L. A. A., Quaas, A., Ruurda, J. P., van Hillegersberg, R., & Bruns, C. J. (2020). The CARDIA-trial protocol: a multinational, prospective, randomized, clinical trial comparing transthoracic esophagectomy with transhiatal extended gastrectomy in adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) type II. BMC cancer, 20(1), 781. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-07152-1

Li, N., Zhang, G. W., Zhang, J. R., Jin, D., Li, Y., Liu, T., & Wang, R. T. (2015). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with progression of arterial stiffness. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 25(2), 218–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.002

Liava, C., & Sinakos, E. (2021). Semaglutide for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: closer to a solution?. Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition, 10(4), 541–544. https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn-21-231

Lv, X., Dong, Y., Hu, L., Lu, F., Zhou, C., & Qin, S. (2020). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) for the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review. Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 3(3), e00163. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.163

Machado, M. V., & Cortez-Pinto, H. (2014). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: what the clinician needs to know. World journal of gastroenterology, 20(36), 12956–12980. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12956

Makri, E. S., Makri, E., & Polyzos, S. A. (2022). Combination Therapies for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Journal of personalized medicine, 12(7), 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12071166

Mathangi R, Selvaraj J, Reji M, Jaideep M, Ponnulakshmi R, Nalini D, Samyuktha. P, Pugazharasan. (2021). Relationship Between Ob Gene Product and Lipid Profile in The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis, Journal of Angiotherapy, 5(2), 2151

Mirarchi, L., Amodeo, S., Citarrella, R., Licata, A., Soresi, M., & Giannitrapani, L. (2022). SGLT2 Inhibitors as the Most Promising Influencers on the Outcome of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(7), 3668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073668

Motamed, N., Ajdarkosh, H., Ahmadi, M., Perumal, D., Ashrafi, G. H., Nikkhah, M., Faraji, A. H., Maadi, M., Khoonsari, M., Rezaie, N., Farahani, B., Safarnezhad Tameshkel, F., Ameli, M., Panahi, M., Karbalaie Niya, M. H., & Zamani, F. (2020). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is not independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease event: A cohort study. World journal of hepatology, 12(6), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v12.i6.323

Mulkern, R. V., Salsberg, S. L., Krauel, M. R., Ludwig, D. S., & Voss, S. (2008). A paradoxical signal intensity increase in fatty livers using opposed-phase gradient echo imaging with fat-suppression pulses. Pediatric radiology, 38(10), 1099–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-008-0946-2

Obeticholic Acid. (2019). In LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Paar, M., Jüngst, C., Steiner, N. A., Magnes, C., Sinner, F., Kolb, D., Lass, A., Zimmermann, R., Zumbusch, A., Kohlwein, S. D., & Wolinski, H. (2012). Remodeling of lipid droplets during lipolysis and growth in adipocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry, 287(14), 11164–11173. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.316794

Patorno, E., Pawar, A., Bessette, L. G., Kim, D. H., Dave, C., Glynn, R. J., Munshi, M. N., Schneeweiss, S., Wexler, D. J., & Kim, S. C. (2021). Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Versus Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Older Adults. Diabetes care, 44(3), 826–835. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1464

Pisto, P., Santaniemi, M., Bloigu, R., Ukkola, O., & Kesäniemi, Y. A. (2014). Fatty liver predicts the risk for cardiovascular events in middle-aged population: a population-based cohort study. BMJ open, 4(3), e004973. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004973

Rampally, V., Biri, S. K., Nair, I. K., & Vadlakonda, A. (2020). Determination of association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid artery atherosclerosis among nondiabetic individuals. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 9(2), 1182–1186. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_957_19

Ruiz-Sala, P., & Peña-Quintana, L. (2021). Biochemical Markers for the Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation Diseases. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(21), 4855. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214855

Santos-Baez, L. S., & Ginsberg, H. N. (2021). Nonalcohol fatty liver disease: balancing supply and utilization of triglycerides. Current opinion in lipidology, 32(3), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000756

Sanyal, A. J., Chalasani, N., Kowdley, K. V., McCullough, A., Diehl, A. M., Bass, N. M., Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A., Lavine, J. E., Tonascia, J., Unalp, A., Van Natta, M., Clark, J., Brunt, E. M., Kleiner, D. E., Hoofnagle, J. H., Robuck, P. R., & NASH CRN (2010). Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The New England journal of medicine, 362(18), 1675–1685. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907929

Sarno, G., Schiavo, L., Calabrese, P., Álvarez Córdova, L., Frias-Toral, E., Cucalón, G., Garcia-Velasquez, E., Fuchs-Tarlovsky, V., & Pilone, V. (2022). The Impact of Bariatric-Surgery-Induced Weight Loss on Patients Undergoing Liver Transplant: A Focus on Metabolism, Pathophysiological Changes, and Outcome in Obese Patients Suffering NAFLD-Related Cirrhosis. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(18), 5293. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185293

Schwenger, K. J. P., Fischer, S. E., Jackson, T., Okrainec, A., & Allard, J. P. (2018). In nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improves liver histology while persistent disease is associated with lower improvements in waist circumference and glycemic control. Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery, 14(9), 1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.06.007

Sepehrimanesh, M., Niknam, R., Ejtehadi, F., Fattahi, M. R., & Safarpour, A. (2020). Association Between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome with Gallstone Disease, South Iran: A Population-Based Study. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy, 13, 1449–1458. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S246949

Srinivasan, M., Thangaraj, S. R., Arzoun, H., Thomas, S. S., & Mohammed, L. (2022). The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 14(3), e23340. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23340

Sun, L., & Lü, S. Z. (2011). Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease severity. Chinese medical journal, 124(6), 867–872.

Sung, K. C., Wild, S. H., Kwag, H. J., & Byrne, C. D. (2012). Fatty liver, insulin resistance, and features of metabolic syndrome: relationships with coronary artery calcium in 10,153 people. Diabetes care, 35(11), 2359–2364. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0515

Tana, C., Ballestri, S., Ricci, F., Di Vincenzo, A., Ticinesi, A., Gallina, S., Giamberardino, M. A., Cipollone, F., Sutton, R., Vettor, R., Fedorowski, A., & Meschi, T. (2019). Cardiovascular Risk in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(17), 3104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173104

Tzanaki, I., Agouridis, A. P., & Kostapanos, M. S. (2022). Is there a role of lipid-lowering therapies in the management of fatty liver disease?. World journal of hepatology, 14(1), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v14.i1.119

van der Windt, D. J., Sud, V., Zhang, H., Tsung, A., & Huang, H. (2018). The Effects of Physical Exercise on Fatty Liver Disease. Gene expression, 18(2), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.3727/105221617X15124844266408

Younossi, Z. M., Ratziu, V., Loomba, R., Rinella, M., Anstee, Q. M., Goodman, Z., Bedossa, P., Geier, A., Beckebaum, S., Newsome, P. N., Sheridan, D., Sheikh, M. Y., Trotter, J., Knapple, W., Lawitz, E., Abdelmalek, M. F., Kowdley, K. V., Montano-Loza, A. J., Boursier, J., Mathurin, P., … REGENERATE Study Investigators (2019). Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England), 394(10215), 2184–2196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33041-7

Zainab Abdlkadhim Aboshnin, Safa Azhar Razzaq, Zahraa Ibraheim Jawad Shubber, (2024). Impact of Dapagliflozin on Atherosclerosis through Inflammation and Oxidative Pathways, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(2), 1-7, 9478

Zeng, F., Zhang, Y., Han, X., Zeng, M., Gao, Y., & Weng, J. (2021). Predicting Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression and Immune Deregulations by Specific Gene Expression Patterns. Frontiers in immunology, 11, 609900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.609900

Zhou, X. D., Cai, J., Targher, G., Byrne, C. D., Shapiro, M. D., Sung, K. C., Somers, V. K., Chahal, C. A. A., George, J., Chen, L. L., Zhou, Y., Zheng, M. H., & CHESS-MAFLD consortium (2022). Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and implications for cardiovascular risk and disease prevention. Cardiovascular diabetology, 21(1), 270. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01697-0

PDF
Full Text
Export Citation

View Dimensions


View Plumx



View Altmetric



6
Save
0
Citation
361
View
0
Share