Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Overview with Special Consideration to Its Oral and Pediatric Clinical Manifestations
Zeba Saleem 1, Abiha Ahmad Khan *1, Syeda Aamena Naaz 1 and Mohd. Javed Naim 2
Journal of Angiotherapy 8(1) 1-7 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.819415
Submitted: 30 November 2023 Revised: 18 December 2023 Published: 11 January 2024
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms including irregular menstrual cycles, excessive androgen production, and the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. This condition affects approximately 5-10% of women worldwide and is considered one of the most common endocrine disorders in women. The exact cause of PCOS is still unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance and hormonal imbalances play a significant role in the development of this syndrome. High levels of insulin can stimulate the ovaries to produce excess androgens, leading to hormonal dysregulation and subsequent complications such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth), acne, and male pattern baldness. PCOS is associated with a wide range of health problems, ranging from infertility and pregnancy complications to an increased risk of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, women with PCOS often experience psychological distress, as the visible symptoms, such as weight gain and fertility issues, can significantly impact their self-esteem and quality of life. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent long-term complications and provide appropriate management. This review highlights an overview of PCOS, its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment strategies involved.
Keywords: PCOS, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Pediatric Manifestations, Oral Manifestations.
References
Akamine, S., Ohtsu, K., Kamei, N., Fukuhara, R., & Sueda, T. (2019). Management of neonatal ovarian cyst. Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences, 68(1), 7-11.
Akin, M. A., Akin, L., Özbek, S., Tireli, G., Kavuncuoglu, S., Sander, S., ... & Kurtoglu, S. (2010). Fetal-neonatal ovarian cysts-their monitoring and management: retrospective evaluation of 20 cases and review of the literature. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology, 2(1), 28.
Anderson, R. A., McLaughlin, M., Wallace, W. H. B., Albertini, D. F., & Telfer, E. E. (2014). The immature human ovary shows loss of abnormal follicles and increasing follicle developmental competence through childhood and adolescence. Human Reproduction, 29(1), 97-106.
Andrade, V. H. L. D., MATA, A., Borges, R. S., Costa-Silva, D. R., Martins, L. M., Ferreira, P. M. P., ... & Silva, B. B. D. (2016). Current aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: A literature review. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 62, 867-871.
Azziz, R. (2016). New insights into the genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 12(2), 74-75.
Baldani, D. P., Skrgatic, L., & Ougouag, R. (2015). Polycystic ovary syndrome: important underrecognised cardiometabolic risk factor in reproductive-age women. International journal of endocrinology, 2015.
Bargiota, A., & Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. (2012). The effects of old, new and emerging medicines on metabolic aberrations in PCOS. Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism, 3(1), 27-47.
Bednarska, S., & Siejka, A. (2017). The pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: What's new?. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 26(2).
Bulsara, J., Patel, P., Soni, A., & Acharya, S. (2021). A review: Brief insight into Polycystic Ovarian syndrome. Endocrine and Metabolic Science, 3, 100085..
Conway, G., Dewailly, D., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Franks, S., Gambineri, A., ... & Yildiz, B. O. (2014). The polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. European journal of endocrinology, 171(4), P1-P29.
da Silva, B. B., Lopes-Costa, P. V., dos Santos, A. R., Pires, C. G., Borges, C. S., & Gontijo, J. A. (2009). Evaluation of Ki-67 antigen expression in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex of female rats in persistent estrus. Human reproduction, 24(3), 705-709.
Damone, A. L., Joham, A. E., Loxton, D., Earnest, A., Teede, H. J., & Moran, L. J. (2019). Depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS: a community-based study. Psychological medicine, 49(9), 1510-1520.
Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Available online: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/diagnosis/ (accessed on 22 September 2021).
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., & Dunaif, A. (2012). Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocrine reviews, 33(6), 981-1030.
Differential Diagnosis of PCOS. Available online: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-the-differential-diagnosis-of-pcos-2616642 (accessed on 6 December 2021).
Dou, Y., Xin, J., Zhou, P., Tang, J., Xie, H., Fan, W., ... & Wu, D. (2023). Bidirectional association between polycystic ovary syndrome and periodontal diseases. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 1008675.
Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(5), 270-284.
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. 2018. Available online: https://www.eshre.eu/Guidelines-and-Legal/Guidelines/Polycystic-Ovary-Syndrome (accessed on 22 September 2021).
Firdose, K. F., & Shameem, I. (2016). An approach to the management of poly cystic ovarian disease in Unani system of medicine: A review. Int j appl res, 2(6), 585-90.
Ganie, M. A., Vasudevan, V., Wani, I. A., Baba, M. S., Arif, T., & Rashid, A. (2019). Epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics & management of polycystic ovary syndrome in India. The Indian journal of medical research, 150(4), 333.
Glueck, C. J., & Goldenberg, N. (2019). Characteristics of obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome: Etiology, treatment, and genetics. Metabolism, 92, 108-120.
Hoffman, L. K., & Ehrmann, D. A. (2008). Cardiometabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature clinical practice Endocrinology & metabolism, 4(4), 215-222.
Khan, R. N., Gani, M., Jan, S. M., & Hassan, G. (2022). The importance of oral hygiene in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and its effect on overall treatment of PCOS-A questionnaire based survey. International Archives of Integrated Medicine, 9(4).
Liu, H. Y., Liu, J. Q., Mai, Z. X., & Zeng, Y. T. (2015). A subpathway-based method of drug reposition for polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproductive Sciences, 22(4), 423-430.
Lizneva, D., Suturina, L., Walker, W., Brakta, S., Gavrilova-Jordan, L., & Azziz, R. (2016). Criteria, prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 106(1), 6-15.
March, W. A., Moore, V. M., Willson, K. J., Phillips, D. I., Norman, R. J., & Davies, M. J. (2010). The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a community sample assessed under contrasting diagnostic criteria. Human reproduction, 25(2), 544-551.
Moran, L., & Teede, H. (2009). Metabolic features of the reproductive phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Human reproduction update, 15(4), 477-488.
Moran, L. J., Misso, M. L., Wild, R. A., & Norman, R. J. (2010). Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 16(4), 347-363.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Available online: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/diagnosistreatment/drc-20353443 (accessed on 6 December 2021).
Rahiminejad, M. E., Moaddab, A., Zaryoun, H., Rabiee, S., Moaddab, A., & Khodadoustan, A. (2015). Comparison of prevalence of periodontal disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy controls. Dental research journal, 12(6), 507.
Randeva, H. S., Tan, B. K., Weickert, M. O., Lois, K., Nestler, J. E., Sattar, N., & Lehnert, H. (2012). Cardiometabolic aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine reviews, 33(5), 812-841.
Sadeghi, H. M., Adeli, I., Calina, D., Docea, A. O., Mousavi, T., Daniali, M., ... & Abdollahi, M. (2022). Polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis, management, and drug repurposing. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(2), 583.
Saljoughi, F., Nasri, K., & Bayani, M. (2020). Gingival crevicular fluid levels of visfatin in patients with chronic periodontitis and polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, 63(1), 87-93.
Tanguturi, S. C., & Nagarakanti, S. (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome and periodontal disease: underlying links-a review. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 22(2), 267.
Teede, H., Deeks, A., & Moran, L. (2010). Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC medicine, 8(1), 1-10.
Tomlinson, J. A., Pinkney, J. H., Millward, A., Evans, P., & Stenhouse, E. (2013). Screening for diabetes and cardiometabolic disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. South African Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease, 10(3), 93-99.
Wendland, N., Opydo-Szymaczek, J., Mizgier, M., & Jarzabek-Bielecka, G. (2021). Subgingival microflora in adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with oral hygiene, gingivitis, and selected metabolic and hormonal parameters. Clinical Oral Investigations, 25, 1485-1496.
Witchel, S. F., Burghard, A. C., Tao, R. H., & Oberfield, S. E. (2019). The diagnosis and treatment of PCOS in adolescents: an update. Current opinion in pediatrics, 31(4), 562-569.
Zeind CS, Carvalho MG, Cheng JW, Zaiken K, LaPointe T. Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2023 Jan 6.
Zia, A., Hakim, S., Khan, A. U., Bey, A., Ateeq, H., Parveen, S., ... & Yusufi, F. N. K. (2022). Bone markers and bone mineral density associates with periodontitis in females with poly-cystic ovarian syndrome. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 40(3), 487-497.
View Dimensions
View Altmetric
Save
Citation
View
Share