Microbial Bioactives
Microbial Bioactives | Online ISSN 2209-2161
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Volume 7 Number 1 2024
REVIEWS (Open Access)
Environmental Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Olive Cultivation Systems: Insights from Wastewater and Soil Microbiomes
Ahsan Habib 1*
Microbial Bioactives 7 (1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/microbbioacts.7110663
Submitted: 27 May 2024 Revised: 25 July 2024 Accepted: 05 August 2024 Published: 07 August 2024
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global challenge, extending beyond clinical settings into environmental and agricultural systems. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) act as hotspots for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), driven by residual antibiotics, heavy metals, and high microbial density. When reclaimed wastewater and agro-industrial by-products, such as olive mill wastewater (OMW), are used in olive cultivation, they may introduce resistance determinants into soil and plant microbiomes. Olive trees (Olea europaea L.) harbor complex microbial communities, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which support nutrient cycling, abiotic stress tolerance, and overall plant health. However, anthropogenic pressures from wastewater irrigation, industrial effluents, and agricultural management practices may alter these beneficial communities, promoting persistence and horizontal transfer of ARGs. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on AMR dissemination from wastewater to olive agroecosystems, examining microbial community shifts, resistance gene prevalence, and environmental factors influencing ARG persistence. Findings indicate that while WWTPs and reclaimed water can enhance soil fertility, they simultaneously pose risks of resistance propagation, particularly when biofilms, co-selective agents, and high microbial densities are present. Integrating microbial community management, sustainable irrigation practices, and advanced wastewater treatment may mitigate AMR risks in agroecosystems. Understanding these interactions is vital for maintaining both environmental and public health, as resistance determinants in soil and crop microbiomes may enter food webs, posing long-term ecological and human health challenges.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Wastewater treatment; Olive cultivation; Soil microbiome; Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; Olive mill wastewater
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