Journal of Primeasia
Integrative Disciplinary Research | Online ISSN 3064-9870 | Print ISSN 3069-4353
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Volume 7 Number 1 2026
REVIEWS (Open Access)
Valorization of Fish Industry Waste and Biomass-Derived Materials for Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Storage: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis
Md. Borhanul Haque 1*, Md. Sabuj Mia 1
Journal of Primeasia 7 (1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/primeasia.7110799
Submitted: 11 June 2026 Revised: 01 August 2026 Accepted: 10 August 2026 Published: 12 August 2026
Abstract
The escalating demand for sustainable energy storage solutions has intensified interest in eco-friendly and high-performance electrode materials. Biomass-derived carbons, particularly from fish industry waste, have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems, including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, lithium-sulfur batteries, and supercapacitors. Fish processing by-products—such as scales, bones, skins, and shells—contain abundant carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen heteroatoms, which can be converted into hard carbon or doped porous carbon structures with tailored physicochemical properties. Controlled carbonization, chemical activation, and heteroatom doping enable the production of materials with optimized porosity, interlayer spacing, and surface chemistry, enhancing ion storage capacity, transport kinetics, and cycling stability. Furthermore, these biochars contribute to circular economy practices by valorizing waste while reducing environmental pollution. Recent studies demonstrate that fish-waste-derived carbons exhibit remarkable performance in sodium and potassium storage, with expanded interlayer spacing facilitating the accommodation of larger ions, while nitrogen- and oxygen-rich carbons improve pseudocapacitive behavior in supercapacitors. Additionally, innovative protein-derived electrodes leverage redox-active amino acids, introducing novel energy storage mechanisms. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesize evidence from diverse studies, highlighting trends in carbon precursors, processing conditions, and electrochemical performance. By integrating eco-design, waste valorization, and data-driven material optimization strategies, fish-waste-derived carbons provide sustainable alternatives to conventional electrodes, potentially enabling high-performance energy storage systems that align with environmental and economic imperatives.
Keywords: Biomass-derived carbon, fish industry waste, sustainable energy storage, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, heteroatom doping, circular economy, hard carbon.
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