Volume 5 Number 1 2026
Sustainable and Green Nanomaterials in Biosensing and Nanotheranostics: Life-Cycle, Toxicity, and Circular Design Perspectives
Md. Robiul Islam 1*, Most Farhana Akter 1, Mansoureh Nazari V. 2
Biosensors and Nanotheranostics 5 (1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/biosensors.5111002
Submitted: 26 September 2026 Revised: 15 November 2026 Accepted: 25 November 2026 Published: 27 November 2026
Green nanomaterials are now routinely presented as the safer, cleaner successors to conventional engineered nanoparticles in diagnostics and image-guided therapy, yet the evidence behind that claim is uneven. This review asks a simple question with a complicated answer: when a nanomaterial is made from plants, microbes or biowaste, what exactly becomes more sustainable, and what does not? We examined experimental studies, reviews and regulatory documents (99 sources) on bio-derived metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles, biowaste-derived carbon quantum dots, MXene hybrids and biopolymer nanocomposites used in biosensing and nanotheranostics, and read them together with toxicological and life-cycle evidence. On performance, the picture is encouraging. Green-synthesised interfaces reach micromolar-to-picomolar detection limits across electrochemical, plasmonic and fluorescence platforms, and several theranostic systems combine magnetic resonance, computed tomography or photoacoustic contrast with photothermal or photodynamic therapy in animal models. Safety and sustainability claims are far less settled. Toxicity appears to follow particle size, surface charge, dissolution behaviour and protein corona formation rather than the botanical or microbial origin of the precursor, and silver, zinc oxide and other metallic cores can still release ions and drive oxidative stress. Life-cycle assessments, most of them limited to cradle-to-gate boundaries, show that biomass cultivation, nanocellulose isolation and high-energy processing can erode the gains of benign chemistry, while clinical incineration and durable crosslinking undermine end-of-life recovery. We therefore propose a three-tier safe-and-sustainable-by-design framework that links molecular design, multi-criteria decision analysis and regulatory alignment, so that analytical performance, biological safety and circularity are judged together rather than in sequence.
Keywords: green nanotechnology; nanobiosensors; nanotheranostics; nanotoxicology; life-cycle assessment; safe-and-sustainable-by-design; circular economy
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