Microbial Bioactives
Microbial Bioactives | Online ISSN 2209-2161
295
Citations
205.5k
Views
181
Articles
Volume 6 Number 1 2023
REVIEWS (Open Access)
Risk, Resilience, and Functional Stability of Marine Microzooplankton in a Changing Ocean: Insights from Systematic Review and Meta-Analytical Evidence
Md. Anisur Rahman 1, Sohrab Hossain 1, Biplab Biswas 1 , Monirul Islam1, Ahsan Habib 1*
Microbial Bioactives 6 (1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/microbbioacts.6110670
Submitted: 17 October 2023 Revised: 12 December 2023 Accepted: 20 December 2023 Published: 22 December 2023
Abstract
Microzooplankton and protist communities are critical drivers of marine ecosystem functioning, mediating carbon cycling, nutrient regeneration, and energy transfer. Despite their ecological significance, these microorganisms are increasingly exposed to multiple environmental stressors, including ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, eutrophication, and salinity fluctuations. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes current evidence to evaluate the vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity of microzooplankton across diverse marine environments. Our analysis integrates quantitative effect sizes, experimental manipulations, and network-based studies to reveal differential responses among taxa. Warming generally favors smaller, fast-growing protists and induces shifts in community composition, whereas acidification impacts are mostly indirect, mediated through altered phytoplankton prey quality. Deoxygenation emerges as a critical stressor, causing pronounced reductions in growth, diversity, and community structure. Eutrophication and salinity gradients further modulate species composition and trophic interactions, particularly in coastal and estuarine systems. Notably, functional redundancy, mixotrophy, and resting cyst formation enhance community resilience, maintaining biogeochemical processes even under extreme environmental pressures. Extreme environments, such as hypersaline anoxic basins, exemplify the remarkable physiological plasticity of micro-eukaryotes, reinforcing their role as stabilizers of ecosystem function. Our findings highlight the need to consider both sensitivity and adaptive traits in assessing marine ecosystem risk, emphasizing the dual role of microzooplankton as indicators of environmental change and as agents of functional stability.
Keywords: Microzooplankton, Protists, Marine Ecosystems, Climate Change, Resilience, Ocean Acidification, Deoxygenation, Eutrophication, Functional Redundancy
References
Barone, G., Varrella, S., Tangherlini, M., Rastelli, E., Dell’Anno, A., & Corinaldesi, C. (2019). Marine fungi: Biotechnological perspectives from deep-hypersaline anoxic basins. Diversity, 11(7), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11070113
Bindoff, N. L., Cheung, W. W. L., Kairo, J. G., Arístegui, J., Guinder, V. A., Hallberg, R., Hilmi, N. J. M., Jiao, N., Karim, M. S., Levin, L., O’Donoghue, S., Purca Cuicapusa, S. R., Rinkevich, B., Suga, T., Tagliabue, A., & Williamson, P. (2019). Changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities. In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K., Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C., Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., Telszewski, M., Yasuhara, M., & Zhang, J. (2018). Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters. Science, 359, eaam7240. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240
Buitenhuis, E. T., Rivkin, R. B., Sailley, S., & Le Quéré, C. (2010). Biogeochemical fluxes through microzooplankton. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 24, GB4015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003601
Burkholder, J. M., Glibert, P. M., & Skelton, H. M. (2008). Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species. Harmful Algae, 8, 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.010
Callahan, B. J., McMurdie, P. J., Rosen, M. J., Han, A. W., Johnson, A. J. A., & Holmes, S. P. (2016). DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nature Methods, 13, 581–583. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869
de Vargas, C., Audic, S., Henry, N., Decelle, J., Mahé, F., Logares, R., Lara, E., Berney, C., Le Bescot, N., Probert, I., Carmichael, M., Poulain, J., Romac, S., Colin, S., Aury, J.-M., Bittner, L., Chaffron, S., Dunthorn, M., Engelen, S., … Karsenti, E. (2015). Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean. Science, 348, 1261605. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261605
Edwards, M., Johns, D. G., Leterme, S. C., Svendsen, E., & Richardson, A. J. (2006). Regional climate change and harmful algal blooms. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 820–829. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.2.0820
Fenchel, T. (2008). The microbial loop—25 years later. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 366, 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.07.013
Field, D. B., Baumgartner, T. R., Charles, C. D., Ferreira-Bartrina, V., & Ohman, M. D. (2006). Planktonic foraminifera reflect 20th-century warming. Science, 311, 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116220
Finke, J. F., Winget, D. M., Chan, A. M., Suttle, C. A., & Worden, A. Z. (2017). Nutrients and other environmental factors influence virus abundances. Viruses, 9(6), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9060152
Forster, D., Beisner, B. E., Paterson, A. M., & Winter, J. G. (2021). Lake ecosystem robustness and resilience inferred from a climate-stressed protistan plankton network. Microorganisms, 9(3), 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030549
Gostincar, C., Grube, M., De Hoog, G. S., Zalar, P., & Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2011). Fungal adaptation to extremely high salt concentrations. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 77, 71–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387033-9.00003-0
Heisler, J., Glibert, P. M., Burkholder, J. M., Anderson, D. M., Cochlan, W., Dennison, W. C., Dortch, Q., Gobler, C. J., Heil, C. A., Humphries, E., Lewitus, A., Magnien, R., Marshall, H. G., Sellner, K., Stockwell, D. A., Stoecker, D. K., & Suddleson, M. (2008). Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus. Harmful Algae, 8, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.006
Jiang, X., Zhang, H., Liu, J., Xu, J., & Yang, G. (2022). Bacterial and protistan community variation across the Changjiang Estuary. Microorganisms, 10(5), 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050991
Jonkers, L., Hillebrand, H., & Kucera, M. (2019). Global change drives modern plankton communities away from pre-industrial state. Nature, 570, 372–375. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1230-3
López-Abbate, M. C. (2021). Microzooplankton communities in a changing ocean: A risk assessment. Diversity, 13(2), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020082
Lundholm, N., Ribeiro, S., Andersen, T. J., Koch, T., Godhe, A., Ekelund, F., & Ellegaard, M. (2011). Buried alive—Germination of up to a century-old resting stages. Phycologia, 50, 629–640. https://doi.org/10.2216/11-16.1
Mitra, A., Flynn, K. J., Tillmann, U., Raven, J. A., Caron, D., Stoecker, D. K., Not, F., Hansen, P. J., Hallegraeff, G., Sanders, R., Wilken, S., McManus, G., Johnson, M., Pitta, P., Våge, S., Berge, T., Calbet, A., Thingstad, F., Jeong, H. J., & Burkholder, J. (2014). The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological carbon pump. Biogeosciences, 11, 995–1005. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-995-2014
Moy, A. D., Howard, W. R., Bray, S. G., & Trull, T. W. (2009). Reduced calcification in modern Southern Ocean planktonic foraminifera. Nature Geoscience, 2, 276–280. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo460
Nielsen, L. T., Jakobsen, H. H., & Hansen, P. J. (2010). Resilience of coastal plankton to twenty-first century seawater acidification. Marine Biology Research, 6, 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000903476839
Park, K.-T., Lee, K., Shin, K., Yang, E. J., Hyun, B., Kim, J.-M., & Noh, J. H. (2014). Direct linkage between dimethyl sulfide production and microzooplankton grazing. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 4750–4756. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500201t
Persson, A., & Smith, B. C. (2022). Preservation of dinoflagellate cysts in different oxygen regimes. Phycology, 2(4), 384–418. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology2040022
Qiao, W., Li, Y., Zhang, W., Xu, H., & Gong, J. (2024). Comparing environmental influences and community assembly of protist communities. Microorganisms, 12(8), 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081618
Redden, A. M., Sanderson, B. G., & Rissik, D. (2002). Extending the analysis of the dilution method. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 226, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps226027
Rocke, E., & Liu, H. (2014). Respiration, growth and grazing of ciliates in hypoxic conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85, 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.012
Rose, J. M., & Caron, D. A. (2007). Does low temperature constrain the growth rates of heterotrophic protists? Limnology and Oceanography, 52, 886–895. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0886
Suffrian, K., Simonelli, P., Nejstgaard, J. C., Putzeys, S., Carotenuto, Y., & Antia, A. N. (2008). Microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth in increased CO2. Biogeosciences, 5, 1145–1156. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1145-2008
Suttle, C. A. (2007). Marine viruses—Major players in the global ecosystem. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 5, 801–812. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1750
Worden, A. Z., Follows, M. J., Giovannoni, S. J., Wilken, S., Zimmerman, A. E., & Keeling, P. J. (2015). Rethinking the marine carbon cycle. Science, 347, 1257594. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257594
Recommended articles
Marine Cyanobacteria and Beneficial Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio-Applications: A Review
Microcystins in Agricultural Systems: Environmental Pathways, Plant Toxicity, and Human Health Risks—A Systematic Review
Exploring the Frontiers of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae: Integrating Emerging Technologies for Biodiversity Discovery, Metabolic Insights, and Environmental Response
Article metrics
View details
0
Downloads
0
Citations
8
Views
0
Save
Save
0
Citation
Citation
8
View
View
0
Share
Share