Volume 5 Number 1 2026
Biomimetic Cell-Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Theranostics: Design Principles, Immune Evasion, and Translational Barriers
Erina Parvin Era1, Tusar Ahmed 1
Biosensors and Nanotheranostics 5 (1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/biosensors.5111007
Submitted: 23 June 2026 Revised: 13 August 2026 Accepted: 20 August 2026 Published: 22 August 2026
Synthetic nanocarriers have reshaped drug delivery, yet most are still flagged as foreign the moment they enter the bloodstream—opsonized within minutes and swept into the liver and spleen long before they reach their target. Biomimetic cell-membrane coating offers a disarmingly simple answer to this old problem: instead of engineering stealth molecule by molecule, it wraps a synthetic core in a plasma membrane harvested from a living cell, transferring that cell's entire surface identity onto the particle. This review traces how the strategy works and why it matters. We first examine the design logic of the core–shell architecture, comparing polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid cores alongside the three dominant membrane–core fusion routes—mechanical extrusion, ultrasonic cavitation, and microfluidic electroporation—against coating completeness and protein fidelity. We then dissect the molecular basis of immune evasion, centering on the CD47–SIRPα “don't-eat-me” axis and the way a biological cloak reshapes, rather than abolishes, the protein corona. A survey of membrane donors—erythrocyte, platelet, leukocyte, cancer, stem-cell, bacterial, and engineered hybrids—maps how each cellular source programs a distinct disease tropism, from homotypic tumor homing to blood–brain-barrier crossing. We next consider theranostic integration across magnetic resonance, photoacoustic, fluorescence, and nuclear imaging coupled to photothermal, photodynamic, chemodynamic, and radioimmunotherapeutic modalities. Finally, and perhaps most consequentially, we confront the translational bottlenecks: right-side-out orientation, batch heterogeneity, oncogenic and endotoxin contamination, storage instability, and the regulatory ambiguity of “combination products.” Throughout, we argue that the field's future hinges less on discovering new cell types than on building standardized, GMP-compliant manufacturing.
Keywords: biomimetic nanoparticles; cell-membrane coating; immune evasion; CD47–SIRPα; protein corona; theranostics; drug delivery; translational nanomedicine
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