Ecological Roles of Fungal Networks: Integrating Nutrient Cycling, Soil Health, and Climate Resilience-A Systematic Review

Matazimov M.T. ^1*, Sidametova Z.E. ¹, Olimov N.K. ^1, Abdullaeva M.U. ^1, Rakhimova D.O. ¹, Rustamov I. X. ¹, Umurzakova N.S. ¹

Understanding fungal-soil interactions enables strategies for sustainable agriculture, soil health improvement, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation through enhanced ecosystem resilience.

Abstract

Background: Fungal networks form the living architecture of soil ecosystems, linking plants, microbes, and minerals through intricate webs that sustain life belowground. These networks—especially mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi—drive nutrient cycling, stabilize soil, and enhance plant resilience. Yet, increasing human pressure and environmental change threaten their delicate balance.

Methods: This systematic review synthesized over two decades of research (2000–2025) using data from molecular, metagenomic, and field-based studies. Selected literature was organized thematically to evaluate how fungi contribute to nutrient acquisition, soil structure, microbial regulation, plant communication, stress tolerance, and bioremediation.

Results: The analysis reveals that arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi enhance phosphorus and nitrogen uptake, facilitate interplant communication, and stabilize soil through hyphal binding. Saprotrophic fungi accelerate organic matter decomposition, contributing to carbon cycling and long-term sequestration. Fungal–bacterial interactions further regulate nitrogen fixation and pathogen suppression. However, agricultural intensification, deforestation, and climate variability are disrupting these networks, threatening soil fertility and ecosystem resilience.

Discussion: Fungi emerge as vital ecosystem engineers that connect biodiversity, soil health, and climate regulation. Their multifunctional roles highlight the need for conservation-focused and integrative land management practices that reduce chemical dependence and foster fungal diversity.

Conclusion: Safeguarding fungal networks is fundamental for sustaining ecosystem productivity and stability. Future research should bridge ecological understanding with practical innovations—such as fungal biofertilizers and mycorrhizal restoration—to strengthen the resilience of natural and agricultural systems under a changing climate.

Keywords: Fungal Networks, Mycorrhizae, Soil Ecology, Nutrient Cycling, Microbial Interactions

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