Gender Differences in Drug Addiction: Neurobiological, Social, and Psychological Perspectives in Women &ndash; A Systematic Review

Shakila Jahan Shimu; Sakurul Islam

doi:10.25163/primeasia.6110194

Integrative Disciplinary Research | Online ISSN 3064-9870

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 6 (1)

Gender Differences in Drug Addiction: Neurobiological, Social, and Psychological Perspectives in Women – A Systematic Review

Shakila Jahan Shimu ¹*, Sakurul Islam ²

+ Author Affiliations

Journal of Primeasia 6 (1) 1-13 https://doi.org/10.25163/primeasia.6110194

Submitted: 07 December 2024 Revised: 31 January 2025 Published: 04 February 2025

Abstract

Drug addiction is a complex issue influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Historically, substance use disorders (SUDs) have been studied primarily in men, overlooking crucial gender differences. However, emerging research reveals that women exhibit unique drug use patterns, distinct neurobiological responses, and specific psychosocial challenges in addiction and recovery. Understanding these differences is essential for developing gender-sensitive prevention and treatment approaches. Neurobiologically, sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone modulate drug sensitivity, leading to a faster progression from initial use to dependence in women. The mesolimbic dopamine system and prefrontal cortex demonstrate sex-specific activity, influencing cravings, reward processing, and relapse vulnerability. Additionally, hormonal fluctuations and stress responses contribute to more severe withdrawal symptoms and increased relapse risk in women. Social and psychological factors further differentiate addiction in women. They are more likely to use substances as a coping mechanism for trauma, anxiety, and depression. Gender roles and societal stigma discourage help-seeking, while caregiving responsibilities, economic dependence, and intimate partner relationships create additional treatment barriers. Women also face heightened risks of substance-related violence and exploitation Despite these challenges, gender-responsive interventions incorporating trauma-informed care, mental health support, and social empowerment strategies have shown promising outcomes. Addressing co-occurring psychiatric disorders and providing childcare support can enhance rehabilitation success. However, addiction research remains predominantly male-focused, necessitating a paradigm shift toward inclusive, gender-sensitive treatment frameworks. This review synthesizes neurobiological, social, and psychological perspectives to guide more effective, tailored interventions for women.

Keywords: Gender differences, drug addiction, neurobiology, social factors, psychological perspectives

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