Journal of Primeasia
Integrative Disciplinary Research | Online ISSN 3064-9870 | Print ISSN 3069-4353
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Quantum Dots in Biomedical and Environmental Applications: Insights from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abbas Mohammed Sahib 1*
Journal of Primeasia 7 (1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/primeasia.7110784
Submitted: 18 March 2026 Revised: 04 May 2026 Accepted: 14 May 2026 Published: 16 May 2026
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a revolutionary class of nanomaterials with unique optical and electronic properties, garnering significant attention for biomedical, optoelectronic, and environmental applications. Their size-dependent fluorescence, high photostability, and tunable bandgaps make them promising candidates for imaging, sensing, and energy-related technologies. However, understanding the biological interactions, cytotoxicity, and environmental impacts of QDs remains a critical challenge. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes findings from recent studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and cytotoxic effects of various QDs, including cadmium-based, indium-based, and carbon quantum dots. We examine the influence of surface functionalization, ligand chemistry, particle size, and shape on both the optical performance and biocompatibility of QDs. Moreover, we evaluate strategies to mitigate toxicity while preserving desirable electronic and photophysical characteristics, highlighting the role of surface passivation and biocompatible coatings. Our analysis reveals consistent patterns in cellular internalization pathways, with endocytosis serving as the primary route, while surface chemistry largely dictates intracellular fate and cytotoxic response. Additionally, environmental stability and photodegradation mechanisms are explored, emphasizing the importance of green synthesis approaches and cadmium-free alternatives. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state of QD research, offering practical guidance for designing safer and more efficient QDs for diverse applications. By integrating evidence from multiple studies, we provide insights that bridge material science, toxicology, and biomedical engineering.
Keywords: Quantum dots, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, surface functionalization, photostability, nanobiotechnology, biomedical imaging
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