Comprehensive Review of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Epidemiological Trends, Risk Factors, and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
Tanmay Halder1*, Moin Uddin Patwary1, Tasnima Jahan1, Ayesha Islam1, Kaosarul Alam2
Journal of Primeasia 5(1) 1-9 https://doi.org/10.25163/primeasia.519896
Submitted: 06 April 2024 Revised: 15 June 2024 Published: 22 June 2024
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, often arising in the context of chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis, with significant contributions from hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The disease’s high mortality rate and complex etiology underscore the need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Methods: This review synthesizes current epidemiological data and research on HCC. We analyzed global and regional incidence and mortality rates, assessed the role of major risk factors, including HBV, HCV, and MAFLD, and evaluated recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Data were sourced from recent literature, including epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Results: The incidence of HCC continues to rise globally, with significant regional variations. HBV and HCV infections remain major contributors to HCC, with HBV's integration into the host genome playing a critical role in carcinogenesis. MAFLD, now a prominent risk factor in high-income countries, is expected to impact global HCC rates increasingly. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques such as precision medicine and liquid biopsies, early detection remains challenging, and recurrence rates after treatment are high. Conclusion: The growing burden of HCC highlights the urgent need for enhanced screening methods and novel treatments. Continued research into the disease’s etiology and improved therapeutic approaches are essential to reducing incidence and improving patient outcomes. Enhanced early detection and personalized treatment strategies are critical to addressing the ongoing challenges in HCC management.
Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic liver disease, HBV, HCV, MAFLD
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