Immune Response Dynamics and Chemokine Profile from MCP-1 and MIP-1α in Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Nawras Alwan Hussain Ali 1, Saleem Khteer Al-Hadraawy 1*
Journal of Angiotherapy 8(3) 1-5 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.839645
Submitted: 12 February 2024 Revised: 20 March 2024 Published: 27 March 2024
Abstract
Background: The delicate interplay between host immune responses and the evasion strategies of parasites is pivotal in determining disease outcomes. Toxoplasma gondii, a widespread protozoan parasite, triggers complex immune reactions involving various cell types and cytokines. Here, we investigated the levels of two key chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), in male patients with Toxoplasma infection compared to healthy controls. Method: We recruited 78 male subjects suspected of Toxoplasmosis, alongside 30 healthy males as controls, and collected blood samples from August 2023 to February 2024. MCP-1 and MIP-1α concentrations were measured using ELISA kits. Results: Our findings revealed a significant increase in serum MCP-1 levels among Toxoplasma-infected patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). Additionally, a positive correlation between MCP-1 and MIP-1 was observed. Specifically, serum levels of MIP-1 positively and significantly correlated with MCP-1 levels in patients with chronic Toxoplasmosis (R2 = 0.0147). The mean concentration of MCP-1 was markedly higher in patients with Toxoplasmosis (41.08 ± 6.410 pg/ml) compared to the control group (27.73 ± 1.124 pg/ml) (p < 0.001). Similarly, the mean concentration of MIP-1α was elevated in Toxoplasma-infected individuals (12.06 ± 2.122 pg/ml) compared to healthy controls (6.971 ± 0.4809 pg/ml). Conclusion: These findings highlight the role of MCP-1 and MIP-1α in the immune response to Toxoplasma infection and suggest their potential as biomarkers for disease monitoring. Understanding the dynamics of these chemokines may aid in the development of targeted interventions and therapeutic strategies for Toxoplasmosis.
Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, MCP-1, MIP-1α, Immune response, Chemokines
References
Abd, Z. N., & Al-Hadraawy, S. K. (2023). Study the relationship between hepcidin and IL-6 in patients infected Entamoeba histolytica. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2414, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
Al-Hadraawy, S. K., Abood, A. H., Zabibah, R. S., Imarah, A. A., Almulla, A. F., & Algon, A. A. A. (2022). Role of P-selectin, hemopexin, lactoferrin, iron and ferritin in patients with giardiasis and amoebiasis: a narrative review. Russian Open Medical Journal, 11(3), 314.
Al-Hadraawy, S. K., Mohy, A. A., & Aljanaby, A. A. J. (2019). Evaluation of Eosinophilic cationic protein and some immunological markers in patients infected with Scabies. J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(3), 1737-1743.
Ali, W. R. (2016). The Role of Some Cytokines and Trace Elements in Pregnant Women with Acute Toxoplasmosis. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure & Applied Sciences, 29(2), 2016.
Borges, M., Silva, T. M., Brito, C., Teixeira, N., & Roberts, C. W. (2019). How does toxoplasmosis affect the maternal-foetal immune interface and pregnancy? Parasite Immunol., 41, e12606.
Brenier-Pinchart, M.-P., Pelloux, H., Simon, J., Ricard, J., Bosson, J.-L., & Ambroise-Thomas, P. (2000). Toxoplasma gondii induces the secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in human fibroblasts, in vitro. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 209, 79–87.
Ciechanowska, A., Pawlik, K., Ciapala, K., & Mika, J. (2023). Pharmacological Modulation of the MIP-1 Family and Their Receptors Reduces Neuropathic Pain Symptoms and Influences Morphine Analgesia: Evidence from a Mouse Model. Brain Sciences, 13(4), 579.
Del Rio, L., Butcher, B. A., Bennouna, S., Hieny, S., Sher, A., & Denkers, E. Y. (2004). Toxoplasma gondii triggers MyD88-dependent and CCL2(MCP-1) responses using distinct parasite molecules and host receptors. J. Immunol. 172(11), 6954–6960.
Do-Thi, V. A., Park, S. M., Park, S. M., Jeong, H. J., Cho, G., An, H. J., ... & Lee, J. O. (2023). IL9 Polarizes Macrophages to M1 and Induces the Infiltration of Antitumor Immune Cells via MIP-1 and CXCR3 Chemokines. Cancer Research Communications, 3(1), 80-96.
Gee, K., Guzzo, C., Che Mat, N. F., et al. (2009). The IL-12 family of cytokines in infection, inflammation and autoimmune disorders. Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets, 8(1), 40–52.
Halonen, S. K., & Weiss, L. M. (2013). Toxoplasmosis. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 114, 125–145.
He, S., Yao, L., & Li, J. (2023). Role of MCP-1/CCR2 axis in renal fibrosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic targeting. Medicine, 102(42), e35613.
Jawad, H. S., & Mushattat, S. J. (2023). Effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the level of Human Macrophage-Derived Chemokine (MDC) in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. BioGecko, 12(01). ISSN NO: 2230-5807.
Jedrysik, M., Wyszomirski, K., Rózanska-Waledziak, A., Grosicka-Maciag, E., Waledziak, M., & Chelstowska, B. (2024). The Role of GLP-1, GIP, MCP-1 and IGFBP-7 Biomarkers in the Development of Metabolic Disorders: A Review and Predictive Analysis in the Context of Diabetes and Obesity. Biomedicines, 12(1), 159.
Kadomoto, S., Izumi, K., & Mizokami, A. (2021). Roles of CCL2-CCR2 axis in the tumor microenvironment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 8530.
Mihret, A., Mamo, G., Tafesse, M., Hailu, A., & Parida, S. K. (2011). Dendritic Cells Activate and Mature after Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Research Notes, 4, 247.
Miller, C. M., Boulter, N. R., Ikin, R. J., & Smith, N. C. (2009). The immunobiology of the innate response to Toxoplasma gondii. International Journal of Parasitology, 39, 23–39.
Mills, K. H. G. (2022). IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells in protection versus pathology. Nature Reviews Immunology, 23, 38–54.
Muslim, W. A., & Al-Hadraawy, S. K. (2023). Role of nuclear factor–kappa B and corticotropin-releasing factor in patients infected with Entamoeba histolytica. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2414, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
Shlash, A. A., & Aldujaili, M. M. (2023). Determination the Level of miRNA and Gene Polymorphism of some Interleukins Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Athesis.
Shrestha, S., & Hong, C. W. (2023). Extracellular Mechanisms of Neutrophils in Immune Cell Crosstalk. Immune Network, 23(5).
Sukhumavasi, W., Egan, C. E., & Denkers, E. Y. (2007). Mouse Neutrophils Require JNK2 MAPK for Toxoplasma gondii-Induced IL-12p40 and CCL2/MCP-1 Release. Journal of Immunology, 179(6), 3570–3577. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3570.
Yan, K., Zhou, H., Wang, M., Li, H., Sang, R., Ge, B., ... & Zhang, X. (2021). Inhibitory Effects of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide on Inflammatory Response in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected RAW264.7 Macrophages. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2021, Article ID 2245496.
Yan, K., Zhou, H., Wang, M., Li, H., Sang, R., Ge, B., ... & Zhang, X. (2021). Inhibitory Effects of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide on Inflammatory Response in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected RAW264.7 Macrophages. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2021, Article ID 2245496. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2245496.
View Dimensions
View Altmetric
Save
Citation
View
Share