Unlocking the Potential of Pig Models in Atherosclerosis Research: Insights, Applications, and Future Directions

Anastasia V. Poznyak ¹*, Alexey V. Churov ^2,3, Irina Alexandrovna Starodubtseva ⁴, Natalia V. Elizova ², Tatiana Ivanovna Kovyanova ^1,3, Vasily N. Sukhorukov ³, and Alexander N. Orekhov ³

This review describes the understanding of atherosclerosis through animal models aids in revealing disease mechanisms, testing treatments, and improving therapeutic strategies for humans.

Abstract

Background: Choosing an adequate model for studying human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, poses significant challenges. While small animals like mice and rats have been widely employed, the suitability of these models for specific research goals and objectives may vary. Furthermore, differences in lipid physiology and platelet quantities between rodents and humans can impact the translational relevance of findings. Large animal models, particularly swine, offer physiological similarities to humans and present a more accurate representation of clinical complications such as acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Objectives: This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the utility of the swine model in atherosclerosis research by examining the physiological and cardiovascular similarities between swine and humans. It also seeks to explore the significance of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in pigs, considering both natural and genetically engineered mutant pig models. Additionally, the review aims to provide an overview of the potential applications of swine models in atherosclerosis regression research, thereby highlighting the advantages and limitations of employing swine in atherosclerosis studies. Conclusion: This review offers insights into the potential of the swine model as a valuable and versatile tool for expanding the horizons of atherosclerosis research, emphasizing the need for further exploration and utilization of large animal models in cardiovascular research.

Keywords: Atherosclerosis, LDL oxidation, Inflammation, Animal models, Plaque progression

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