Significance of Serum Biomarkers in Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Fisher Groups

Tufael ¹, Auditi Kar ², Vijay Jagdish Upadhye ^3*, Amith Dutta ⁴, Md Royhanur Islam ⁵, Abdus Sattar ⁶, Md. Eunus Ali ⁷, Julakha Akter ⁸, Kaniz Fatima Bari ⁹, Md. Tahsin Salam ¹⁰, Palash Chandra Banik ¹¹, Md Shamsuddin Sultan Khan ¹², Atiqur Rahman Sunny ^6*

The research addresses a crucial gap by linking the unique lifestyle and stressors in fisher groups to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract

Introduction: This study investigates the relationship between serum biomarkers and the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in different fisher groups in Bangladesh. The research adopts a descriptive and experimental approach to demonstrate the health risks faced by fishermen, including tobacco consumption, polluted drinking water, and insufficient sunlight exposure. Method: We used serum biomarkers such as vitamin D, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), creatinine (Cr), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) to evaluate their significance in distinguishing between different categories and sexes. Result: We determined a strong and direct correlation between insufficient vitamin D levels and an increased risk of liver cancer. The combination of AFP, vitamin D, and Cr (AFP+Vit-D+Cr) emerges as a highly predictive tool, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and providing a reliable means of identifying hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: The identified correlation showed the significance of addressing lifestyle factors and promoting nutritional support to mitigate the risk of liver cancer among fisher groups. The AFP+Vit-D+Cr combination is a promising diagnostic tool for hepatocellular carcinoma, offering an improved early detection and intervention approach.

Keywords: Liver Cancer Detection, Fisher groups, Serum Biomarkers, Vitamin D Insufficiency, Health Risk Factors

References

Adelani, I.B.; Rotimi, O.A.; Maduagwu, E.N. and Rotimi, S.O. (2021). Vitamin D: possible therapeutic roles in hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, 642653.

Alpha Fetoprotein. (2023). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430750/ (Accessed on: August 6, 2023)

Amarapurkar, D.N.; Patel, N.D. and Kamani, P.M. (2008). Impact of diabetes mellitus on outcome of HCC. Annals of hepatology, 7(2), 148-151.

Banal, K.A.; Paz-Pacheco, E. and de Villa, V. (2017). Diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a tertiary Philippine hospital. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 32(1), 32.

Bari, K.F.; Salam, M.T.; Hasan, S.E. and Sunny, A.R. (2023). Serum zinc and calcium level in patients with psoriasis. Journal of Knowledge Learning and Science Technology ISSN: 2959-6386 (online), 2(3), 7-14.

Chakma, S.; Paul, A.K.; Rahman, M.A.; Hasan, M.M.; Sazzad, S.A. and Sunny, A.R. (2022). Climate Change Impacts and Ongoing Adaptation Measures in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 1;26(2):329-48.

Creatinin Blood. (2023). University of Rochester. Retrived from: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167&ContentID=creatinine_serum (Accessed on: August 6, 2023)

Diabetes overview. (2023). American Diabetes Association. Retrieved from: https://www.diabetes.org/a1c/diagnosis (Accessed on: August 6, 2023)

Edoo, M.I.A.; Chutturghoon, V.K.; Wusu-Ansah, G.K.; Zhu, H.; Zhen, T.Y.; Xie, H.Y. and Zheng, S. S. (2019). Serum Biomarkers AFP, CEA and CA19-9 Combined Detection for Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Iranian journal of public health, 48(2), 314–322.

Fabrizi, F.; Cerutti, R.; Alfieri, C.M. and Ridruejo, E. (2021). An Update on Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cancers, 13(14), 3617.

Faruk, O.; Hasan, S. E.; Jubayer, A.; Akter, K.; Al Shiam, S.A.; Rahman, K. and Ali, M.Y. (2023). Microbial Isolates from Urinary Tract Infection and their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Journal of Knowledge Learning and Science Technology ISSN: 2959-6386 (online), 2(3), 76-87.

Hasan, M.R.; Hossain, M.M.; Islam, M.S.; Sunny, A.R.; Ferdous, J.; Chowdhury, M.Z.A.; Maria, A.M.; Sarder, A.A.H... and Sultana, A. (2023). Seasonal Variation of Quality and the Total Viable Count of Lean and Fatty Fish. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 27(5), DOI: 10.21608/EJABF.2023.324732

Henriques, C.U.; Damm, P.; Tabor, A.; Pedersen, J.F. and Mølsted-Pedersen, L.A.R.S. (1993). Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in diabetic pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 82(6), 960-964.

Huo, T.I; Wu, J.C.; Lee, P.C.; Chang, F.Y. and Lee, S.D. (2004). Incidence and risk factors for acute renal failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization: a prospective study. Liver Int 24:210–215

Islam, M.M.; Cansse, T.; Islam, M.S. and Sunny, A.R. (2018). Climate change and its impacts: The case of coastal fisher groups of the Meghna River in south central Bangladesh. International Journal of Marine and Environmental Sciences. doi: 10.5281/zendo.1474924.

Islam, R.; Sunny, A.R.; Sazzad, S.A.;  Amith, D.; Nazmul, H.; Koushikur, R.; Faruque, M.M.; Ashrafuzzaman, M. and Prodhan, S.H. (2023). Environmental Jeopardy and Coping Strategies of the Small-scale Fishers in the Bangladesh Sundarbans: The Precedent of the World’s Largest Mangrove. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 27(6).

Kennel, K.A.; Drake, M.T. and Hurley, D.L. (2010). Vitamin D deficiency in adults: when to test and how to treat. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 85(8), 752–758. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0138

Kuddus, M.A.; Alam, M.J.; Datta, G.C.; Miah, M.A.; Sarker, A.K. and Sunny, M.A.R. (2021). Climate resilience technology for year round vegetable production in northeastern Bangladesh. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech., 11(1): 29-36. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v11i1.54464

Kuddus, M.A.; Datta, G.C.; Miah, M.A.; Sarker, A.K.; Hamid, S.M.A. and Sunny, A.R. (2020). Performance study of selected orange fleshed sweet potato varieties in North Eastern Bangladesh. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 5(3): 673-682.

Kuddus, M.A.; Sunny, A.R.; Sazzad, S.A.; Hossain, M.; Rahman, M.; Mithun, M.H.; Ifat, S.E.H.; Ahmed, K.J.; Zandonadi, R.P.; Han, H., Montes, A.A.; Vega, A.A. and Raposo, A. (2022). Sense and Manner of WASH and Their Coalition with Disease and Nutritional Status of Under-five Children in Rural Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10.

Kumar, R.; Priyadarshi, R.N. and Anand, U. (2021). Chronic renal dysfunction in cirrhosis: A new frontier in hepatology. World journal of gastroenterology, 27(11), 990–1005. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i11.990

Lai, G.Y.; Wang, J.B.; Weinstein, S.J.; Parisi, D.; Horst, R.L.; McGlynn, K.A. ... and Freedman, N.D. (2018). Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in Finnish male smokers of the ATBC study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 27(9), 1075-1082.

Lange, C.M.; Miki, D.; Ochi, H.; Nischalke, H.D.; Bojunga, J.; Bibert, S. ... and Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study Group. (2013). Genetic analyses reveal a role for vitamin D insufficiency in HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma development. PLoS One, 8(5), e64053.

Lee, C.H.; Hsieh, S.Y.; Lin, J.L.; Liu, M.S. and Yen, T.H. (2013). Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic kidney disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 19(16), 2466–2472. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i16.2466

Lee, C.W.; Tsai, H.I.; Lee, W.C.; Huang, S.W.; Lin, C.Y.; Hsieh, Y.C.; Kuo, T.; Chen, C.W. and Yu, M.C. (2019). Normal Alpha-Fetoprotein Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Are They Really Normal?. Journal of clinical medicine, 8(10), 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101736.

Li, C.I.; Chen, H.J.; Lai, H.C.; Liu, C.S.; Lin, W.Y.; Li, T.C. and Lin, C.C. (2015). Hyperglycemia and chronic liver diseases on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes––National cohort of Taiwan Diabetes Study. International journal of cancer, 136(11), 2668-2679.

Lim, T.S.; Kim, D.Y.; Han, K.H.; Kim, H.S.; Shin, S.H.; Jung, K.S. ... and Ahn, S.H. (2016). Combined use of AFP, PIVKA-II, and AFP-L3 as tumor markers enhances diagnostic accuracy for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 51(3), 344-353.

Lin, W.C.; Chang, C.W.; Chang, C.W.; Wang, T.E.; Chen, M.J. and Wang, H.Y. (2019). Challenges of transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic kidney disease. Medicine, 98(35), e17007. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017007

Louka, M.L.; Fawzy, A.M.; Naiem, A.M.; Elseknedy, M.F.; Abdelhalim, A.E. and Abdelghany, M.A. (2017). Vitamin D and K signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene, 629, 108-116.

Markotic, A.; Kelava, T.; Markotic, H.; Silovski, H. and Mrzljak, A. (2022). Vitamin D in liver cancer: novel insights and future perspectives. Croatian medical journal, 63(2), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2022.63.187

Rohlfing, C. L.; Hanson, S.; Tennill, A.L. and Little, R.R. (2012). Effects of whole blood storage on hemoglobin a1c measurements with five current assay methods. Diabetes technology & therapeutics, 14(3), 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2011.0136

Sazzad, S.A.; Billah, M.; Sunny, A.R.; Anowar, S.; Pavel, J.H.; Rakhi, M.S.; ... and Al-Mamun, M.A. (2023). Sketching Livelihoods and Coping Strategies of Climate Vulnerable Fishers. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 27(4).

Sunny, A.R.; Prodhan, S.H.; Ashrafuzzaman, M.; Mithun, M.H.; Hussain, M.; Alam, M.T.; Rashid, A. and Hossain, M.M. (2021a). Fisheries in the context of attaining sustainable development goals (sdgs) in Bangladesh: COVID-19 impacts and future prospects. Preprints, 2021040549 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202104.0549.v1).

Sunny, A.R.; Reza, J.; Anas, M.; Hassan, M.N.; Baten, M.A.; Hasan, R.; Monwar, M.M.; Solaimoan, H. and Hossain, M.M. (2020). Biodiversity assemblages and conservation necessities of ecologically sensitive natural wetlands of north eastern Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 49(1): 135-148.

Sunny, A.R.; Sazzad, S.A.; Datta, G.C.; Sarker, A.K.; Ashrafuzzaman, M. and Prodhan, S.H. (2021b). Assessing impacts of COVID-19 on aquatic food system and small-scale fisheries in Bangladesh. Marine Policy, 126: 104422, doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104422

Tufael; Hasan, S.E.; Jubayer, A.; Akter, K.; Akter, A.; Akter, F.; Shiam, S.A.A. and Sunny, A.R. (2023). Effects of Nigella Sativa and Syzygium Cumini Seed Extracts on Blood Glucose Levels in Swiss Albino Mice. Journal of Knowledge Learning and Science Technology ISSN: 2959-6386 (online), 2(3), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.60087/jklst.vol2.n3.p62

Weng, P.H.; Hung, K.Y.; Huang, H.L.; Chen, J.H.; Sung, P.K. and Huang, K.C. (2011). Cancer-specific mortality in chronic kidney disease: longitudinal follow-up of a large cohort. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 6(5), 1121.

Yi, Z.; Wang, L. and Tu, X. (2021). Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency on Liver Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 22(4), 991–997. https://doi.org/10.31557/ APJCP.2021.22.4.991.

Zhang, Y.; Jiang, X.; Li, X.; Gaman, M.A.; Kord-Varkaneh, H.; Rahmani, J. ... and Xu, Y. (2021). Serum vitamin D levels and risk of liver cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutrition and cancer, 73(8), 1-9.