Targeting Glioma with Oncolytic Viruses: Emerging Possibility in Overcoming Treatment Limitations – A Review

Tasbir Amin ¹, Nusrat Jerin ¹, Md Fakruddin ¹, Jinath Sultana Jime ¹, Nayeema Bulbul ¹, Sadaf Saaz Siddiqi ², S M Bakhtiar UL Islam ^1*

Diffuse glioma, notably glioblastoma, poses immense treatment challenges due to its invasiveness, genetic variability, and resistance, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies.

Abstract

Glioma tumors are considered to be an aggressive and lethal type of cancer. Malignant gliomas continue to have a poor prognosis; the five-year survival rate for the patients with early-stage diagnosis is only 5%, despite the fact that vigorous standard therapy is provided, such as surgical resection and chemo-radiotherapy. In light of this, recent developments using new immunotherapeutic techniques aim to address the treatment of glioblastoma. Oncolytic immunotherapy (OVT) is a recent advancement for the treatment of these types of cancers. OVT is an anticancer therapeutic approach in which viruses reproduce and propagate across tumors, while killing tumor cells in a selective and preferential manner. Administering OVTs can cause an increased number of immune cells to enter into the center of tumors to reshape their microenvironment and synchronize with other immunotherapies better. By causing apoptosis or eliciting an immune response against the tumor, a number of oncolytic viruses have shown a capacity to selectively infect and kill glioma cells. In the subsequent sections, we explored the function of oncolytic virotherapy in malignant gliomas, emphasizing recently completed and continuing clinical investigations, as well as obstacles faced using this therapeutic approach. Effectual treatment modalities for malignant gliomas are made challenging by the fact that they are heterogeneous tumors as well as due to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the potential advancements that could occur in the context of this area have been reviewed.

Keywords: Glioma, Immunotherapy, Treatment, Limitation, Oncolytic Virotherapy.

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