Angiogenesis, Inflammation & Therapeutics | Impact 0.1 (CiteScore) | Online ISSN  2207-872X
RESEARCH ARTICLE   (Open Access)

Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Higher Body Mass Index Among Women of Various Age Groups in Samawah City

Safa Azhar Razzaq 1*

+ Author Affiliations

Journal of Angiotherapy 8(4) 1-6 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.849625

Submitted: 28 January 2024  Revised: 08 April 2024  Published: 12 April 2024 

The study found that there was relationship between vitamin D levels and BMI values in female.

Abstract


Background: Vitamin D is not only classified as a vitamin but also functions as a hormone within the body. It belongs to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids known to enhance the absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate in the intestines, thereby influencing various biological activities. The significance of vitamin D in maintaining human health cannot be overstated, as its deficiency has been linked to several disease conditions, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney diseases, cognitive dysfunction, and obesity. Objective: This study aims to assess the levels of vitamin D among women across different age groups in Samawah City. Method: A total of 315 women were included in this study and categorized into three groups based on age. Group A comprised 19.05% of women aged 18-25, with a mean age of 20.82 ± 2.43. Group B consisted of 62.22% of women aged 26-46, with a mean age of 33.31 ± 5.19. Lastly, Group C comprised 18.73% of women aged 47-60, with a mean age of 50.59 ± 3.01. Results: The study revealed that severe vitamin D deficiency was observed in 23.3%, 16.3%, and 15.3% of women in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Additionally, deficient levels of vitamin D were found in 40%, 41.3%, and 40.7% of women in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Meanwhile, insufficient levels of vitamin D were present in 26.7%, 27.6%, and 32.3% of women in groups A, B, and C, respectively. On the other hand, normal vitamin D levels were observed in 10%, 14.8%, and 11.7% of women in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Furthermore, the study revealed that 46.76% of women with vitamin D deficiency were classified as obese, 43.53% were considered overweight, and only 9.71% had an average weight. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study indicates that women with lower levels of vitamin D tend to have higher BMI values.

Keywords: Body Mass Index; Iraqi females; Overweight; Vitamin D Deficiency.

References


Ahmed, F., Khosravi-Boroujeni, H., Khan, M. R., Roy, A. K., & Raqib, R. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among pregnant rural women in Bangladesh. Nutrients, 13(2), 449.

Ahmed, M. S., Reyadh, A. R., Shareef, B. Q., Ali, A. R. H., Hany, A. H. A., & Meena, A. N. (2023). Increasing Prevalence of Congenital Hypothyroidism in children with Down Syndrome who have a family history of Thyroid disease. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 16(3), 1327-1332.

Al-hussaniy, H. A., Al-Shammari, A. H., Sameer, H. N., & Oraibi, A. I. (2023).  The relationship between statin therapy and adipocytokine/inflammatory mediators in dyslipidemic nondiabetic patients: A comparative study. Pharmacia, 70(3), 581-585.

Al-Hussaniy, H. A., Hassan, A. F., Oraibi, A. I., Al-Juhaishi, A. M., Naji, F. A., & Al-Tameemi, Z. S. (2023). Clinical Pharmacogenetics of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Iraq. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 15(3), 101-106.

Amrein, K., Scherkl, M., Hoffmann, M., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., Köstenberger, M., Tmava Berisha, A., ... & Malle, O. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. European journal of clinical nutrition, 74(11), 1498-1513.

Amrein, K., Scherkl, M., Hoffmann, M., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., Köstenberger, M., Tmava Berisha, A., ... & Malle, O. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. European journal of clinical nutrition, 74(11), 1498-1513.

Anastasia V. Poznyak, Victoria A. Khotina, Alexandra A. Melnichenko et al., (2024). Vitamin D Deficiency As A Contributor To Atherosclerosis Development – A Review, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(2), 1-11, 9389

Beshna, E., Amir, S., Swead, R. T., Aldoubali, K. A., Ashour, A. M., Benzaed, S., & Elouzi, A. A. (2022). Perception, knowledge and attitude of solar radiation diseases and use of sun screen among Al Zawia Medical University Students in Libya. Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal, 1(2), 74-83.

Bouillon, R., & Suda, T. (2014). Vitamin D: calcium and bone homeostasis during evolution. BoneKEy reports, 3.

Gasmi, M., Hooker, R. W., Maaouia, G. B., & Chikhad, A. B. (2023). The effects of intermittent fasting on markers of health: A narrative review. Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal, 2(2), 121-133.

Hantoosh, H. A., Mahdi, M. H., Imran, B. W., & Yahya, A. A. (2019). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iraqi female at reproductive age. Medical journal of Babylon, 16(2), 119-122.

Holick, M. F., Binkley, N. C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., ... & Weaver, C. M. (2012). Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(4), 1153-1158.

Hussein, I. H., Mansour, A. A., Nwayyir, H. A., Almomin, A. M. S. A., Alibrahim, N. T. Y., Alidrisi, H. A., ... & Alhamza, A. H. A. (2021). Real-Life Data on Total Vitamin D3 (25-Hydroxyvitamin D) Concentrations in Basrah, Iraq. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 14(4), 2191-2198.

Jawad, I. H., & Baiee, H. A. L. (2020). Vitamin D Level Status and Diabetes Mellitus among Old Adult Iraqi People in Al Hillah City. Medico-Legal Update, 20(2).

Kennel, K. A., Drake, M. T., & Hurley, D. L. (2010, August). Vitamin D deficiency in adults: when to test and how to treat. In mayo clinic proceedings (Vol. 85, No. 8, pp. 752-758). Elsevier.

McKay, J., Ho, S., Jane, M., & Pal, S. (2020). Overweight & obese Australian adults and micronutrient deficiency. BMC nutrition, 6, 1-13.

Mohammed, L. Y., Jamal, S. A., Hussein, N. R., & Naqid, I. A. (2021). The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors among General Populations in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. J Contemp Med Sci| Vol, 7(6), 330-333.

Oniszczenko, W., & Stanislawiak, E. (2019). Association between sex and body mass index as mediated by temperament in a nonclinical adult sample. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 24, 291-298.

Park, J. E., Pichiah, P. T., & Cha, Y. S. (2018). Vitamin D and metabolic diseases: growing roles of vitamin D. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 27(4), 223.

Parva, N. R., Tadepalli, S., Singh, P., Qian, A., Joshi, R., Kandala, H., ... & Cheriyath, P. (2018). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated risk factors in the US population (2011-2012). Cureus, 10(6).

Quesada-Gomez, J. M., Lopez-Miranda, J., Entrenas-Castillo, M., Casado-Díaz, A., Nogues y Solans, X., Mansur, J. L., & Bouillon, R. (2022). Vitamin D endocrine system and COVID-19: treatment with calcifediol. Nutrients, 14(13), 2716.

Smotkin-Tangorra, M., Purushothaman, R., Gupta, A., Nejati, G., Anhalt, H., & Ten, S. (2007). Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in obese children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(7), 817-824.

Sofihussein, H. Q. (2023). Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Pregnant Women in Sulaimaneyah City-Iraq. UHD Journal of Science and Technology, 7(1), 1-7.

Walid Theib Mohammad, Ahmad Maher AL Sayeh, Fernando Jesús Plaza del Pino. (2024). Vitamin D In Modulating Liver And Kidney Functions Following Cadmium Exposure In Vivo. Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(2), 1-7, 9453

Wolden-Kirk, H., Gysemans, C., Verstuyf, A., & Mathieu, C. (2012). Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 41(3), 571-594.

Zainab Nur-Eldeen Aziz, Basil O. Saleh, (2024). Effect of Metformin and Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women: A Follow-Up Study, Journal of Angiotherapy, 8(1), 1-7, 9438

Full Text
Export Citation

View Dimensions


View Plumx



View Altmetric



0
Save
0
Citation
296
View
0
Share