The Acanthamoeba and Sappinia inflammation Induction in Cancer Patients' Oral Cavity

Shaymm Abd al Hussein Khalaf ^1*, Bassad A. AL-Aboody ¹

This study showed the presence and prevalence of Free-living Amoebae (FLA), particularly Acanthamoeba and Sappinia, in immunocompromised cancer patients is crucial for disease management and prevention.

Abstract

Background: Free-living amoebae (FLA), including Acanthamoeba and Sappinia, pose threats to immunocompromised individuals, causing lung infections and granulomatous encephalopathy. Cancer, marked by uncontrolled cell proliferation, shares similarities with parasitic infections, both challenging the host's immune response. Method: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FLA among cancer patients in Thi-Qar, Iraq. Oral cavity samples were collected from 40 cancer patients and 20 healthy individuals in December 2023. Isolated strains were cultured on non-nutrient agar with Escherichia coli. Molecular and morphological analyses were conducted to identify Acanthamoeba and Sappinia spp. Result: Acanthamoeba and Sappinia were detected in 7.5% and 5% of immunocompromised patients, respectively. Acanthamoeba exhibited higher pathogenicity, especially the T4 and T32 genotypes, compared to Sappinia. Conclusion: The study highlights the prevalence of FLA among cancer patients, with Acanthamoeba showing greater pathogenic potential. These findings underscore the importance of understanding FLA infections in immunocompromised populations for effective management strategies.

Keywords: Acanthamoeba, Sappinia, Cancer patients, Oral cavity, Protozoan infections

References

Al-Abody,2021. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Some Opportunistic Free- living Amoebae Isolated From Environmental and Clinical Sources in Thi- Qar province/ Southern Iraq .A Thesis Submitted to the College of Science, University of Basrah.

Al-Maliky, N.F. (2014). Isolation and diagnosis of the free living amoeba  Naegleria  fowleri and study of its pathological effect on mice strain Balb / c .MSc thesis, Coll. Scie. Uni. Basrah.127pp.

B. Gelman, S. J. Rauf, R. Nader, et al., “Amoebic encephalitis due to Sappinia diploidea,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 285, no. 19, pp. 2450–2451, 2001. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases.

Çelik   and Simsek ,2022. Parasite and Cancer Relationship,Europe   PMC,.Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2022;46(2):150-62. and growth abilities of free living amoeba isolated from domestic tap water samplIstanbul . IUFS J. of Biol.,69(1) :17-23.

Cheshmpanam, M., Manouchehri Naeini, K., Kheiri, S., & Abdizadeh, R ,2023. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Acanthamoeba Strains from Oral Cavity of Diabetic, Undergoing Treated Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals in Central Southwest of Iran.

Dudley, R., Matin, A., Alsam, S., Sissons, J., Maghsood, A. H., & Khan, N. A. (2005). Acanthamoeba isolates belonging to T1, T2, T3, T4 but not T7 encyst in response to increased osmolarity and cysts do not bind to human corneal epithelial cells. Acta tropica, 95(2), 100-108.

Fung, K. T. T., Dhillon, A. P., McLaughlin, J. E., Lucas, S. B., Davidson, B., Rolles, K., ... & Burroughs, A. K. (2008). Cure of Acanthamoeba cerebral abscess in a liver transplant patient. Liver Transplantation, 14(3), 308-312.

Gavali, L. V., Mohammed, A. A., Al-Ogaili, M. J., Gaikwad, S. H., Kulkarni, M., Das, R., & Ubale, P. A. (2024). Novel terephthalaldehyde bis (thiosemicarbazone) Schiff base ligand and its transition metal complexes as antibacterial Agents: Synthesis, characterization and biological investigations. Results in Chemistry, 7, 101316.

Greub, G., & Raoult, D. (2004). Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae. Clinical microbiology reviews, 17(2), 413-433.

Guimaraes, A. J., Gomes, K. X., Cortines, J. R., Peralta, J. M., & Peralta, R. H. S. (2016). Acanthamoeba spp. as a universal host for pathogenic microorganisms: One bridge from environment to host virulence. Microbiological research, 193, 30-38.

Hadi N J, 2022. Mini review: Naegleria fowleri the fatal meningoencephalitis,  University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science (UTsci), Onlin:2709-0256, ISSN Print: 1991-8690 Volume (9), No.1, AUG. 2022.

Khan, N. A. (2006). Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS microbiology reviews, 30(4), 564-595.

McAllum , P. ; Bahar , I. ; Kaiserman , I. ; Srinivasan , S. ; Slomovic , A. and Rootman , D. (2009) . Temporal and seasonal trends in Acanthamoeba Keratitis. Cornea , 28, 7-10 .

Moker , H. M. M. (2017). Isolation of some opportunistic amoebas from different sources in Basrah province with some experimental infection . Ph. D. Dissertation , Coll. Scie. Uni . Basrah . pp. 119 .

Page, F. C. (1988). A new key to freshwater and soil gymnamoebae: with instructions for culture. Freshwater Biological Association.

Pranjali Verma,  Shikha Kumari Rajak. (2023). Screening for Oral Cancer Using Brush Biopsies and DNA Image Cytometry - A Review, Journal of Angiotherapy, 7(2), 1-6, 9410.

Putaporntip, C., Kuamsab, N., Nuprasert, W., Rojrung, R., Pattanawong, U., Tia, T., ... & Jongwutiwes, S. (2021). Analysis of Acanthamoeba genotypes from public freshwater sources in Thailand reveals a new genotype, T23 Acanthamoeba bangkokensis sp. nov. Scientific reports, 11(1), 17290.

Visvesvara, G. S., Moura, H., & Schuster, F. L. (2007). Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 50(1), 1-26.

Vijay Kumar Jaiswal, Mahendra Kumar Verma. (2023). Discovering Novel and Old Drug Targets in Oral Cancer Stem Cells Using bio-inspired methods, Journal of Angiotherapy, 7(2), 1-9, 9398

Zeybek, Z. ;Ustunturk, M. and Binay, A.R. (2010). Morphological characteristics and growth abilities of free living amoeba isolated from domestic tap water samples in Istanbul. IUFS J Biol., 69, 17–23.