Morphological and Histological Analysis of the Uterus in Adult Female Goats for Understanding Reproductive Health and Function

Rusul Hazim Al-darajee ^1*, Masarat S. Al-Mayahi ¹

The study on goat uterine morphology and histology offers insights into reproductive health and breeding management for sustainable agriculture.

Abstract

Background: Optimizing goat reproduction is essential for productivity, influenced by factors like climate and breed. The uterus, crucial for fertilization and parturition, lacks detailed study despite its significance. This study aimed to identify and distinguish variations in the histomorphological and histochemical characteristics of the uterus in female local goats. Methods: Ten samples of female local goats were purchased from various butchers and abattoirs in Al-Anbar and Al-Falluja during October 2022. Uterine samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin’s solution for histochemical staining. Sections of 6 µm thickness were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, Alcian blue (pH 2.5), and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains. Results: Gross examination revealed a bicornuate uterus with distinct anatomical features, including short body and long horns tapering and lying parallel to each other. Microscopic analysis exposed significant structural alterations in the uteruses of adult goats, particularly in the development of endometrial glands and the thickness of the myometrium. Histochemical staining showed intense PAS reactivity in the endometrium. Conclusion: These findings showed valuable insights into goat reproductive anatomy, comparable to other ruminants, and shed light on uterine functionality. The absence of caruncles in the cranial uterine horn and mucopolysaccharides presence underscore significant reproductive mechanisms. This study contributes to understanding goat reproductive physiology, with implications for breeding and reproductive health management.

Keywords: Goat reproduction, Uterus morphology, Histomorphological analysis, Histochemical staining, Reproductive health

References

Abd-Alrahman, L., 1998. Certain reproduction characteristics of female local goat, PhD Thesis, College of Vet Med, Baghdad Uni.

Agrawal, P., Laloraya, M., 1978. Comparative histochemical study of the enzyme changes in the ovary and uterus of mammals with special references to steroidogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 102(3), 276-293.

Ali, I.M., Ibrahim, N.S., 2019. Study The Relationship Between Polymorphism of Melatonin Receptor Type 1A (MTNR1A) Gene with Some Reproductive Performance, in Local Iraqi Goats. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 43(2), 38-41.

Al-Saffar, F., Al-Ebbadi, H., 2019. Histomorphological and Histochemical Study of the Ovary and the Uterine Tubes of the Adult Guinea Pigs (Cavica porcellus). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, D. Histology & Histochemistry 11(2), 1-22.

Al-Saffar, F., Almayahi, M., 2019. Histomorphological and histochemical postnatal developmental study of the pelvic reproductive organs in female rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci 7(2), 73-81.

Alwan, A.F., 2014. Fetal adrenal cortex development with maternal serum Cortisol profiles in Relation to Estrous Induction, Laparoscopical Insemination in Iraqi goats out breeding season. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 38(1), 129-136.

Amin, F., 2009. Biometrical, histological and hormonal study of pregnant and nonpregnant genitalia of sheep and goat in Sulaimani region. University of Sulaimani, Iraq Sulaimani.

Banerjee, G., 2018. A textbook of animal husbandry. Oxford and IBH publishing.

Bhattacharya, M., Saigal, R., 1984. Histomorphological and histochemical studies on the uterus of goat (Capra hircus) during the reproductive cycle. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India).

Brunet, A. G., Santiago-Moreno, J., Toledano-Diaz, A., & López-SebastiÃ, A. (2011).  Reproductive seasonality and its control in Spanish sheep and goats. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 15(S1).

Brunet, A.G.m., Santiago-Moreno, J., Toledano-Diaz, A., López-SebastiÃ, A., 2011. Reproductive seasonality and its control in Spanish sheep and goats. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 15(S1).

Budras, K., Habel, R., 2003. Female genital organ in: Bovine Anatomy, an illustrated text. Hannover, Germany: SchluterscheGm BH & Co. KG, 86-88.

Dellmann, H., 1998. Eurell. Textbook of Veterinary Histology. 5th ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O., Wensing, C.J.G., , 2002. Textbook of veterinary anatomy. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company.

Eesa, M., 2016. Evaluation the effect of laparoscopic unilateral ovariectomy in young Iraqi black goat on the histomorphometric of the remaining ovary at adult stage. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 40(1), 103-107.

Fatet, A., Pellicer-Rubio, M.-T., Leboeuf, B., 2011. Reproductive cycle of goats. Animal reproduction science 124(3-4), 211-219.

Filant, J., Spencer, T.E., 2014. Uterine glands: biological roles in conceptus implantation, uterine receptivity, and decidualization. The International journal of developmental biology 58, 107.

Frandson, R., Wilke, W.L., Anna, D., 2009. Anatomy and Physiology od Farm Animals: Seventh Edision. Colorado State University: Colorado. A John Wiley and Sons. Inc.

Getty, R., Sisson, S., 1975. Sisson and Grossman's the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals.

Hussin, A.M., 2011. Histological study of the constituents that related to the immune defensive mechanism in the vagina of ewes: Amer M. Hussin, Nazih W. Zaid. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 35(1), 88-99.

Jansen, C., van den Burg, K., 2004. AD07E Goat keeping in the tropics. Agromisa Foundation.

Joshi, C., Nanda, B., Saigal, R., 1983. Histochemical observations on carbohydrates in the uterine wall of goat. Note. Journal of Research Punjab Agricultural University.

Khaton, R., Sarder, M., Gofur, M., 2015. Biometrical studies of reproductive organs of dairy cows of different genotypes in Bangladesh. Asian J Ani Sci 9, 388-395.

Kumar, R., Ramteke, P., Nath, A., Singh, S.P., 2013. Role of candidate genes in regulation of embryonic survival and maternal recognition of pregnancy in farm animals. Veterinary World 6(5), 280.

Muhson, S.A., Dawood, B.Q., 2023. HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND CLASSIFICATION OF ATRETIC IN ADULT FEMALE BLACK GOAT. Ann. For. Res 66(1), 738-748.

Nickel, R., Schummer, A., Seiferle, E., 1979. The‎ viscera of the domestic mammals 2nd revised ed.‎ Verlag Paul Parey. Berlin, Hamburg, 211-281.

Ogunbodede, M. A., Oladele, G. M., Ode, O. J., Ubah, S. A.,2014 . Survey of gross abnormalities and microbial load on the female reproductive tract of Maradi goats slaughtered at Bodija abattoir, Nigeria. Adv. J. Agric, Res, 2(1), 1-7.‏

Ommer, P., 1995. Applied anatomy of the domestic animals. Jaypee Bros.

Palmieri, C., Schiavi, E., Della Salda, L.,2011. Congenital and acquired pathology of ovary and tubular genital organs in ewes: A review. Theriogenology. 75(3), 393-410.‏

Pineda, M.H., Dooley, M.P., 2003. McDonald's veterinary endocrinology and reproduction. Iowa state press.

Poyam, M., Tiwari, R., Ingole, S., 2011. Histomorphological study of uterus of adult non-descript goat (Capra hircus) during various stages of folliculogenesis. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 81(12), 1222-1224.

Rajput, R., 1995. Anatomical studies on the female genitalia of Gaddi sheep. MV Sc, Thesis, CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh.

Reece, W. O., Rowe, E. W., 2017 . Functional anatomy and physiology of domestic.         

Renner-Martin, T., Forstenpointner, G., Weissengruber, G., Eberhardt, L., 2009. Gross anatomy of the female genital organs of the domestic donkey (Equus asinus Linné, 1758). Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 38(2), 133-138.

Reshag, A.F., Khalaf, A.S., 2021. Histochemical study of glands of oviduct in laying geese. Plant Archives 21(1), 343-347.

Roy, K., Saigal, R., 1986. Histochemical localization of carbohydrates and lipids in the uterus and placentome of sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India).

SAS.2010.SAS/STAT Users Guide for Personal Computer. Release 9.13.SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C., USA.

Shalini, S., 1997. Anatomical studies on the female genital system of Gaddi goat, Masters Dissertation, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya. Palampur ….

Singh, G., Prem, P., 1990. Effect of age on the morphological changes in the uterus of goat. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 60(7), 838-839.

Sisson, S., 1914. The anatomy of the domestic animals. WB Saunders company.

Spencer, T. E., Dunlap, K. A., & Filant, J. (2012). Comparative developmental biology of the uterus: insights into mechanisms and developmental disruption. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 354(1-2), 34-53.‏

Spencer, T.E., Hayashi, K., Hu, J., Carpenter, K.D., 2005. Comparative developmental biology of the mammalian uterus. Current topics in developmental biology 68, 85-122.

Sundaravadanan, V., Venkataswamy, V., 1973. Histology and histochemistry of bovine uterus. The Indian journal of animal sciences 43(12), 1050-1053.

Suri, S., Sharma, D., 2004. Micromorphology and histochemistry of uterus of Gaddi goats during reproduction and senility. Indian Journal of Animal Research 38(2), 117-120.

Sweta, P., Pandya, K., Vyas, D., Bhagnai, P.P., 1993. Histomorphological study of uterus from non-ovulated side in Surti buffaloes during various phases of estrous cycle. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction 14, 90-93.

Trautmann, A., Fiebiger, J., 1957. Fundamentals of the histology of domestic animals. (No Title).

Uppal, V., Roy, K., 2002. Age correlated histomorphological changes in the endometrium of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 72(9), 730-734.