Angiogenesis, Inflammation & Therapeutics | Online ISSN  2207-872X
RESEARCH ARTICLE   (Open Access)

Impact of Various Contraceptive Methods on Immunological Profiles in Women: A Serological Analysis in Diyala Governorate

Shaymaa Mohammed Alwan 1, Maha Falih Nazzal 2, Inaam Faisal Mohammed 3

+ Author Affiliations

Journal of Angiotherapy 8(1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.819444

Submitted: 15 December 2023  Revised: 16 January 2024  Published: 22 January 2024 

Abstract


Introduction: Both hormonal and non-hormonal contraception methods are highly effective and used globally. Our study aimed to examine the immune factors in women using contraceptives, providing insights into the complexities involved. Ninety women participated, with 50 using contraceptives (study group) and 40 not using any (control group), all considered healthy individuals. Venous blood samples, drawn using sterile single-use medical syringes, were 5 ml each. Methods: The study used an inclusive approach, employing techniques like Indirect Sandawish ELISA to assess CD4, CD8, IL16, and IL27 levels, and Single Immunodiffusion (SRID) for IgG, IgM, and IgA determination. Results: Analysis revealed significantly higher levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, and IL16 in contraceptive users compared to non-users. However, CD4 and IL27 levels showed a marked reduction in patients compared to healthy controls. Notably, there were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) in immune variables between different contraceptive types, except for IgA, which was highest in injection users and lowest in oral contraceptive users. Further scrutiny found no significant variations (P>0.05) between immune variable levels and hormonal/non-hormonal contraceptives, except for IL16 (P>0.01). Conclusions: The study concludes that various contraceptive methods (tablets, injections, copper IUDs) lead to increased levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA). Importantly, changes in contraceptive type (tablets, injections, IUDs) had minimal impact on immune variables, except for increased IgA in injection users. Hormonal or non-hormonal contraceptives showed no noticeable influence on immune indicators, except for IL16, which exhibited a significant increase.

Keywords: Contraceptives, Copper IUD, Ovulation, Hormonal, Estrogen, Progesterone.

References


Agren UM, Anttila M, Mäenpää-Liukko K, et al. 2011.Effects of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol compared with one containing levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on haemostasis, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care.;16:444–457.

Apter D, Zimmerman Y, Beekman L, et al. 2011.. Bleeding pattern and cycle control with estetrol-containing combined oral contraceptives: results from a phase II, randomised, dose-finding study (FIESTA). Contraception.

Arnold KB, Burgener A, Birse K, et al. Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in the female reproductive tract are associated with altered expression of proteases, mucosal barrier proteins, and an influx of HIV-susceptible target cells. Mucosal Immunol. 2016; 9: 194-205.

Azizovna, N. Z. (2021). The State of Humoral Immunity in Women after Cesarean Section with Postplantar Intrauterine Contraception. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 4305-4316.‏

combined oral contraceptive pills, and combined contraceptive vaginal rings. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(7), e76-e87.‏

Dabee S, Barnabas SL, Lennard KS, et al. Defining characteristics of genital health in South African adolescent girls and young women at high risk for HIV infection. PLoS One. 2019; 14: 1-20.

De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, et al. Hormonal contraceptives: pharmacology tailored to women’s health. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22:634–646. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]

Dreskin, S. C. 2012 Urticaria and angioedema. In: Goldman, L., and A.I. Schafer, eds. Goldman’s Cecil Medicine 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; chap 260. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]

Fawzy, A. A., Aly ELsersy, M., Kholeif, D. A., & Aly, R. A. E. D. (2022). CD4/CD8 LYMPHOCYTE RATIO IN MILD AND MODERATE PREECLAMPSIA VERSUS NORMAL PREGNANCY. ALEXMED ePosters, 4(1), 27-28.

Ge, H., Yin, N., Han, T. L., Huang, D., Chen, X., Xu, P., ... & Qi, H. (2019). Interleukin-27 Inhibits Trophoblast Cell Invasion and Migration by Affecting the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Preeclampsia. Reproductive Sciences, 26(7), 928-938.‏

Guo, L., Lan, X., Liu, S., Xu, L., Zhu, S., Zhao, H. J., ... & Li, Y. (2023). Distinct cytokine profiles in patients with preeclampsia. Inflammation Research, 72(4), 847-858.‏

Hu, X., Zhu, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Li, Z., Mor, G., & Liao, A. (2020). Newly characterized decidual Tim-3+ Treg cells are abundant during early pregnancy and driven by IL-27 coordinately with Gal-9 from trophoblasts. Human Reproduction, 35(11), 2454-2466.‏

Islam, M. M., Pal, A., Das, P., & Banerjee, S. (2020). Better expression profile of CD8 and CD4 gene in uterus of pregnant ewe in comparison to non-pregnant-a novel report. bioRxiv, 2020-10.‏

Jahantigh, D., Mousavi, M., Forghani, F., Javan, M. R., Movahedinia, S., & Rezaei, M. (2019). Association between maternal circulating IL-27 levels and preeclampsia. Cytokine, 102, 163-167.‏

Jiang, H., Shi, H., Chen, L., Yang, J., Yuan, P., Wang, W., ... & Zhao, Y. (2022). Is there a relationship between plasma, cytokine concentrations, and the subsequent risk of postpartum hemorrhage?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 226(6), 835-e1.‏

Konstantinus, I. N., Balle, C., Jaumdally, S. Z., Galmieldien, H., Pidwell, T., Masson, L., ... & Passmore, J. A. S. (2020). Impact of hormonal contraceptives on cervical T-helper 17 phenotype and function in adolescents: results from a randomized, crossover study comparing long-acting injectable norethisterone oenanthate (NET-EN),

Masama, C., Jarkas, D. A., Thaw, E., Daneshmend, A. Z., Franklyn, S. I., Beaurepaire, C., & McQuaid, R. J. (2022). Hormone contraceptive use in young women: Altered mood states, neuroendocrine and inflammatory biomarkers. Hormones and Behavior, 144, 105229.‏

Matubu, A. T., Hillier, S. L., Meyn, L. A., Stoner, K. A., Mhlanga, F., Mbizvo, M., ... & Achilles, S. L. (2021). Effect of injectable progestin-only contraceptives, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone enanthate, on cytokine production during T-cell activation. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 86(1), e13405.‏

Meggyes, M., Feik, T., Nagy, D. U., Polgar, B., & Szereday, L. (2023). CD8 and CD4 Positive NKT Subpopulations and Immune-Checkpoint Pathways in Early-Onset Preeclampsia and Healthy Pregnancy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 1390.‏

Michel, K. G., Huijbregts, R. P., Gleason, J. L., Richter, H. E., & Hel, Z. (2015). Effect of hormonal contraception on the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and distribution of immune cell populations in the female reproductive tract. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 68(5), 511.‏

Moldenhauer, L. M., Jin, M., Wilson, J. J., Green, E. S., Sharkey, D. J., Salkeld, M. D., ... & Robertson, S. A. (2022). Regulatory T cell proportion and phenotype are altered in women using oral contraception. Endocrinology, 163(9), bqac098.‏

Mosher, W. D., and J. Jones. 2010. Use of contraception in the United States: 1982–2008. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and Health Statistics,Series23,Number29. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_029.pdf. [Google Scholar]

Murphy, K., Irvin, S. C., & Herold, B. C. (2014). Research gaps in defining the biological link between HIV risk and hormonal contraception. American journal of reproductive immunology, 72(2), 228-235.‏

Nina RadzeyRushil HarryparsadBahiah MeyerPai Lien ChenXiaoming GaoCharles MorrisonOngeziwe TakuAnna-Lise WilliamsonCelia Mehou-Loko Genital inflammatory status and the innate immune response to contraceptive initiation

Nwatah, A. J., Ugwu, G. O., Ugwu, C. E., & Meludu, S. C. (2022). Serum immunoglobulins, C-reactive protein, and trace element level in preeclamptic Nigerian subjects. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 25(9), 1405-1412.‏

Omollo K, Lajoie J, Oyugi J, et al. Differential elevation of inflammation and CD4+ T cell activation in Kenyan female sex workers and non-sex workers using depot-medroxyprogeterone acetate. Front Immunol. 2021; 11: 3936.

Patel, M. V., Shen, Z., Rossoll, R. M., & Wira, C. R. (2018). IL-27 expression and responsiveness in human uterine epithelial cells and fibroblasts in vitro and the role of estradiol. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research, 38(3), 101-110.‏

Peter U.O. (2013). Women use of oral contraceptives –does it have any effect on haematological parameters? Annals of the College of Medicine, 33(1 & 2).

 Quintino-Moro, A., Zantut-Wittmann, D. E., Silva dos Santos, P. D. N., Melhado-Kimura, V., da Silva, C. A., Bahamondes, L., & Fernandes, A. (2019). Thyroid function during the first year of use of the injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 24(2), 102-108.‏

Radulescu, C., Bacârea, A., Hu?anu, A., Gabor, R., & Dobreanu, M. (2016). Placental growth factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, soluble endoglin, IL-6, and IL-16 as biomarkers in preeclampsia. Mediators of inflammation, 2016.‏

Ran, Y., Huang, D., Mei, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, Y., He, J., ... & Qi, H. (2021). Identification of the correlations between interleukin-27 (IL-27) and immune-inflammatory imbalance in preterm birth. Bioengineered, 12(1), 3201-3218.‏

Symmons, D. P., and S. E. Gabriel. 2011. Epidemiology of CVD in rheumatic disease, with a focus on RA and SLE. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 7: 399–408.

Khan SR, Chaker L, Ikram MA, Peeters RP, van Hagen PM, Dalm VASH. (2021). Determinants and reference ranges of serum immunoglobulins in middle-aged and elderly individuals: a population-based study. J Clin Immunol.

Full Text
Export Citation

View Dimensions


View Plumx



View Altmetric



0
Save
0
Citation
429
View
0
Share