Diagnostic and differential efficacy of cyclin D1 and CA15-3 in breast cancer and benign breast tumors

Anmar R. Raheem^1,2, Omar F. Abdul-Rasheed^1*, Omar S. Khattab³, Ahmed Z. Abdulhameed⁴, Hussein A. Abid^1,5*

Abstract

Background: Cyclin D1 promotes cancer cell proliferation and is associated with tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer. The cancer antigen 15-3, CA15-3, was reported to stimulate the body’s defense system, but its role in early breast cancer detection remains unclear. Thus, this study sought to investigate the diagnostic and differential utility of cyclin D1 and CA15-3 in breast cancer and benign breast tumors. The study was conducted between April 2022 and January 2023, including 30 breast cancer patients, 30 benign breast tumor patients, and 60 controls. Serum cyclin D1 and CA15-3 levels were measured by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic curves used to assess the diagnostic performance of each marker. Results: Serum CA15-3 levels were significantly higher in breast cancer patients (38.89±8.63 U/mL) compared to patients with benign breast tumors (32.64±8.47 U/mL) and healthy controls (21.07±8.49 U/mL). In addition, the benign breast tumor group had markedly higher CA15-3 levels than controls. Serum cyclin D1 concentrations differed significantly between the three study groups: 0.85±0.15 ng/mL in breast cancer patients, 0.97±0.21 ng/mL in  the benign  tumor  group,  and   0.56±0.14  ng/mL  in   healthy controls. Conclusion: Elevated cyclin D1 levels were found in breast tumors, suggesting its possible use as a routine diagnostic test. CA15-3 demonstrated the highest levels in breast cancer patients, indicating usefulness for diagnosis and screening.

Keywords: Breast cancer; early detection; diagnostic accuracy; tumor biomarkers

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