Carotid Sinus Syndrome And Hypersensitivity – A Frequent Cause of Syncope

Bhaskaran Sathyapriya¹, Jayesh S Raghavendra², Swamikannu Bhuminathan³, Kesavaram Padmavathy⁴, Adugula Chandrakala^5*, Arun Shriram, Shreevithya D

The study implements the history of the condition in the context of its contemporary understanding is reviewed in this article and recommendations made in how we view pacing in the context of this intriguingly opaque condition.

Abstract

The autonomic nervous system, the body's control system, maintains bodily functions, heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and many others. The carotid sinus syndrome is an exaggerated response to stimulation of carotid sinus baro-receptor and it is described as an autonomic nervous system disease. The history of the condition in the context of its contemporary understanding is reviewed in this article and recommendations are made in how we view pacing in the context of this intriguingly opaque condition.

Keywords: Autonomic nervous system, heart rate, respiratory rate, response to baroreceptor.

References

Ambroise Paré (ca. AD 1510-1590), Paré A. The Workes of That Famous Chirurgion Ambrose Parey. Translated out of Latine compared with the French by Johnson T. London: Cotes & Du-gard (1649).

Ask-Upmark E 1935. The carotid sinus and the cerebral circulation. Acta Psychiat Neurol Scand. 58 (Suppl. 6):317.

https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/58.2.317

Braun L, Samet B. "Vagusdruck" und koronargefass. Deutsch Arch Klin Med. (1928) 161:251-63.

Czermak J(1866). Über mechanische vagus reizung beim menschen. Jenaische Ztschr Med Naturwiss. 2:384-406.

de Castro F(1928). Sur la structure et l'innervation du sinus carotidien de l'homme et des mammifères. Nouveaux faits sur l'innervation du glomus caroticum. Trav Lab Recherch Madrid. 25:331.

Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, Hardy WG, Lindner DW(1958). Non-existence of the so-called cerebral form of carotid sinus syncope. Neurology. 8:818-26.

https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.8.11.818

Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, Martin FA, Hardy WG 1957. Carotid compression in the neck - results and significance in carotid ligation. JAMA. (1957) 163:1030-6.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1957.02970470028007

Hering HE(1923). Der karotisdruckversuch. München Med Wchnschr. 70:1287.

Hering HE(1927). Die Karotissinusreflexe auf Herz und Gefässe von Normal-Physiologischen, Pathologisch-Physiologischen und Klinischen Standpunkt. Dresden und Leipzig

Heymans C(1929). Le Sinus Carotidien et les Autres Zones Vasosensibles Réflexogènes. London: H K Lewis & Co Sunder-Plassman P. Untersuchungen uber den bulbus carotidis bei mensch und tier im hinblick auf die "sinusreflexe" nach H.E. Hering; ein vergleich mit anderen gefass-strecken; die histopathologie des bulbus carotidis; das glomus caroticum. Zeitschrift Anatomie. (1930) 93:567.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02117912

Hillier Parry C(1799). An Inquiry Into the Symptoms and Causes of the Syncope Anginosa, Commonly Called Angina Pectoris: Illustrated by Dissections. Bath: R Cruttwell

Koch E(1924). Über den depressorischen gefässereflex beim karotisdruckverusche am menschen. München Med Wchnschr. 71:704.

Koch E(1931). Die Reflektorische Selbsteuerung des Kreislaufes. Dresden und Leipzig

Mehrmann K(1925).. Der Heringsche Karotisdruckversuch am Menschen. Berlin

Bonn: Inaug Diss Mandelstamm M, Lifschitz S. Die wirkung der karotissinusreflexe auf den blutdruck beim menschen. Klin Wochenschr. (1928) 22:321.

Munster AB, Thapar A, Davies AH (2016). History of carotid stroke. Stroke. 47:e66-9.

https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012044

Nathanson MH (1933). Effects of drugs on cardiac standstill induced by pressure on the carotid sinus. Arch Intern Med. 51:387.

https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1933.00150220062004

Parry SW, Kenny RA(2005). Carotid sinus syndrome. In: Grubb BP, editor. Syncope. Armonk NJ: Blackwell. p. 256-9.

Parry SW, Richardson DA, Sen B, O'Shea D, Kenny RA(2000). Diagnosis of carotid sinus hypersensitivity in older adults: carotid sinus massage in the upright position is essential. Heart. 82:22-23.

https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.83.1.22

Roskam J (1930). Un syndrome noveau. Syncopes cardiaques gràves et syncopes répétées par hyperréflectivité sinocarotidienne. Presse Med. 38:590-1.

Sharafkandi A (1987) .(Translator). The Persian translation of Qanoun fi al-Tibb (or The Canon of Medicine al-Qanoon fi al-Tibb), Vol. 3. Tehran: Soroush Press. 143 p.

Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD, et al. (2017) ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 136:e60-122.

https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000538

Shojaa MM, Tubbsb RS, Loukasc M, Khalilid M, Alakbarlie F, Cohen-Gadol AA(2009). Vasovagal syncope in the Canon of Avicenna: The first mention of carotid artery hypersensitivity. Int J Cardiol. 134:297-301.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.02.035

Sollman T, Brown ED(1912). The blood pressure fall produced by traction on the carotid artery. Am J Physiol. 30:88-96.

https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1912.30.1.88

Voss DM, Magnin GE(1970). Demand pacing and carotid sinus syncope. Am Heart J. 79:544-7. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(70)90261-9

https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(70)90261-9

Waller A(1862). Experimental researches on the functions of the vagus and the cervical sympathetic nerves in man. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 11:302.

https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1860.0064

Weiss S, Baker JP(1933). Carotid sinus reflex in health and disease: its role in the causation of fainting and convulsions. Medicine. 12:297-354.

https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-193309000-00003