Phytochemicals with Direct and/or Indirect Anti-angiogenic Properties Against Various Cancer Types Focusing on Their Mechanism of Action
Ibrahim Al-deeb1,2,3, Julia Joseph1, Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid2, Nozlena Abdul Samad1
Journal of Angiotherapy 5(1) 226-233 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.51212406111121
Submitted: 06 May 2021 Revised: 28 October 2021 Published: 11 November 2021
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death despite continuous efforts that have been spent on cancer treatment. The escalating cases are due to several challenges in cancer therapy, including the non-selective toxicity of chemotherapies and chemoresistance. Therefore, alternative strategies are developed to prevent, reverse or delay the carcinogenesis process. One of these strategies is to inhibit or control angiogenesis, a process of the formation of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vessel. Several clinically approved anti-angiogenics showed evidence to suppress tumour growth and aggressiveness. However, some patients could not respond well to these therapies as expected due to the relapse of cancer or their side effects. Nowadays, phytochemicals have been receiving special attention in developing new molecules that can inhibit angiogenesis. This application is due to their pleiotropic behaviours, where phytochemicals could have multiple mechanisms affecting multiple signalling pathways, such as cell growth, apoptosis, and cell survival, in addition to their perceived safety over synthetic compounds. In this article, some phytochemicals are highlighted by referring to their mechanisms of action as anti-angiogenics. Based on the literature, most phytochemicals indirectly exert their anti-angiogenic effect; therefore, more attention should be pointed to the direct anti-angiogenic effect. In summary, this review described angiogenesis targets for some phytochemicals, providing useful information for developing new selective anti-angiogenic therapy that can be used in combination with other chemotherapeutics or as chemopreventive agents.
Keywords: cancer, phytochemicals, direct anti-angiogenesis, indirect anti-angiogenesis
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