Comprehensive Analysis of CRISPR-Cas Systems in Microbial and Their Multifaceted Applications

Suriana Sabri ¹, Md Kawsar Mustofa ²,  M. T. Fouad ³, Saikat Mukherjee ⁴, Md Fakruddin ^5*, Md Asaduzzaman Shishir ⁶

This review describes CRISPR-Cas systems as an advanced tool in microbial biotechnology with a great potential for genetic manipulation and disease intervention.

Abstract

Scientific interest in CRISPR-Cas systems is immense due to their emergence as groundbreaking tools for genome editing and modification in various microbes. Initially recognized as bacterial defenses against viral invaders, CRISPR-Cas systems have been found in a wide range of microbial species, including bacteria and archaea. They are classified into two main classes: Class 1, consisting of multi-subunit complexes, and Class 2, characterized by single-protein Cas9 systems. These classes display remarkable diversity, with numerous subtypes and variants enabling adaptation to various ecological niches. The versatility of CRISPR-Cas systems is one of their most appealing attributes. They employ diverse genome editing strategies, reflecting their adaptability and evolution as adaptive immune systems in microorganisms, co-evolving in response to viral threats. Beyond viral defense, these systems contribute to genome stability and integrity in bacteria and archaea. CRISPR-Cas systems have become indispensable tools in laboratories for functional genomics, precise genome editing, and gene reprogramming. They play pivotal roles in synthetic biology and biotechnology, facilitating the engineering of microorganisms for environmental remediation and biofuel production. Furthermore, CRISPR-based diagnostics enable rapid and precise identification of infections and genetic alterations, promising a transformative impact on disease diagnosis. Additionally, the potential of CRISPR-based antimicrobials to combat drug-resistant microorganisms holds significant promise in medicine. In conclusion, the diverse applications of CRISPR-Cas systems underscore the remarkable adaptability of life and the potential for scientific and medical advancements. Continued exploration and optimization of these systems will unlock new avenues for research and transformative applications across various industries. Harnessing the defensive mechanisms of microbial CRISPR-Cas systems exemplifies both the power of nature and human ingenuity for societal benefit and scientific progress.

Keywords: CRISPR-Cas, Microbial genetics, Gene editing, Microbial biotechnology, Antimicrobial defense

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