Impact of Eco-Enzyme Fertilizer on Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric Rhizomes at Early Growth Stage

Rahmat A Hi; Okti

doi:10.25163/angiotherapy.81110045

Angiogenesis, Inflammation & Therapeutics | Online ISSN 2207-872X

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 8 (11)

Impact of Eco-Enzyme Fertilizer on Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric Rhizomes at Early Growth Stage

Rahmat A Hi Wahid¹*, Okti Purwaningsih²

+ Author Affiliations

Journal of Angiotherapy 8 (11) 1-7 https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.81110045

Submitted: 16 September 2024 Revised: 14 November 2024 Published: 15 November 2024

Abstract

Background: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is widely recognized for its bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and curcumin, which exhibit significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These phytochemicals are secondary metabolites that contribute to turmeric's therapeutic potential. However, the influence of plant age and organic fertilization, such as eco-enzyme, on turmeric’s phytochemical content is not fully understood. This study evaluates the phytochemical profile of turmeric rhizomes harvested four months after planting and assesses the impact of eco-enzyme fertilization on secondary metabolite production. Methods: Turmeric rhizomes were collected from plants treated with different concentrations of eco-enzyme fertilizer (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) and a control group (no fertilizer). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed to determine the presence and concentration of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and curcumin. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay. Data were statistically analyzed to compare phytochemical content across treatments. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and curcumin in all treatments. Quantitative results showed that plants treated with 0.5% eco-enzyme had significantly higher flavonoid content (0.12%) and phenolic content (4.911 mg GAE/g extract) compared to other treatments. Curcumin levels were low across all samples, likely due to the young age of the rhizomes. Antioxidant activity, measured via the DPPH assay, was weak, with IC50 values exceeding 200 ppm, consistent with previous findings on immature turmeric rhizomes. The observed differences in phytochemical content may be attributed to eco-enzyme’s enzymatic activity, which enhances secondary metabolism by breaking down complex nutrients into simpler forms. Conclusion: The application of eco-enzyme fertilizer, particularly at a concentration of 0.5%, enhances the phytochemical content of young turmeric rhizomes, notably flavonoids and phenolic compounds. However, the relatively low levels of curcumin and weak antioxidant activity suggest that rhizomes harvested at four months may not have fully developed their secondary metabolites. Further research is needed to investigate phytochemical profiles at later growth stages and optimize eco-enzyme application to maximize bioactive compound production. These findings highlight eco-enzyme’s potential as an organic fertilizer for improving the quality of medicinal plants.

Keywords: Turmeric rhizomes, Phytochemical content, Eco-enzyme fertilizer, Antioxidant activity, Secondary metabolites

References

Aggarwal., S. P. and B. B. (2011). Turmeric, the Golden Spice - Herbal Medicine - NCBI Bookshelf. In International journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (Vol. 3, Issue 07, pp. 1987–1994).

Ak, T., & Gülçin, I. (2008). Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of curcumin. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 174(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.003

Amalraj, A., Pius, A., Gopi, S., & Gopi, S. (2017). Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives – A review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7(2), 205–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.05.005

Antony, A., & Farid, M. (2022). Effect of Temperatures on Polyphenols during Extraction. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042107

Araya-Sibaja, A. M., Salazar-López, N. J., Romero, K. W., Vega-Baudrit, J. R., Domínguez-Avila, J. A., Contreras, C. A. V., Robles-Zepeda, R. E., Navarro-Hoyos, M., & González-Aguilar, G. A. (2021). Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 12, 1047–1062. https://doi.org/10.3762/BJNANO.12.78

Bayele, H. K., Balesaria, S., & Srai, S. K. S. (2015). Phytoestrogens modulate hepcidin expression by Nrf2: Implications for dietary control of iron absorption. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 89, 1192–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FREERADBIOMED.2015.11.001

Braakhuis, A. (2019). Evidence on the Health Benefits of Supplemental Propolis. Nutrients, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/NU11112705

Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H. Z. E., & Rahmat, A. (2016). Variation of the Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade Associated with Different Drying Methods and Polyphenol Oxidase Activity. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 21(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/Molecules21060780

Ghayur, M. N., Gilani, A. H., Afridi, M. B., & Houghton, P. J. (2005). Cardiovascular effects of ginger aqueous extract and its phenolic constituents are mediated through multiple pathways. Vascular Pharmacology, 43(4), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2005.07.003

Iqbalunnajih, M., Alfian, M., & Listiana Hidayati. (2023). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Minuman Serbuk Instan Kunir Asam (Curcuma Domestika Val.- Tamarindus Indica L. ) Produksi UMKM “Mitra Sehat” Desa Wisata Jamu Kiringan Bantul Dengan Metode DPPH. Farmasi Dan Herbal, 5(2), 13–19.

Khan, N., Shreaz, S., Bhatia, R., Ahmad, S. I., Muralidhar, S., Manzoor, N., & Khan, L. A. (2012). Anticandidal activity of curcumin and methyl cinnamaldehyde. Fitoterapia, 83(3), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2011.12.003

Kotha, R. R., & Luthria, D. L. (2019). Curcumin: Biological, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and analytical aspects. Molecules, 24(16), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162930

Kruk, J., Aboul-Enein, B. H., Duchnik, E., & Marchlewicz, M. (2022). Antioxidative properties of phenolic compounds and their effect on oxidative stress induced by severe physical exercise. Journal of Physiological Sciences, 72(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12576-022-00845-1

Kusumaningrum, M., Ardhiansyah, H., Putranto, A. W., Trihardini, A., Kinanti, P. A., Maslahah, D. N., & Harianingsih, H. (2022). Turmeric Extraction (Curcuma Longa L) Using The Reflux Method And Characterization. Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan, 11(2), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v11i2.39784

Lee, H. Y., Kim, S. W., Lee, G. H., Choi, M. K., Chung, H. W., Lee, Y. C., Kim, H. R., Kwon, H. J., & Chae, H. J. (2017). Curcumin and Curcuma longa L. extract ameliorate lipid accumulation through the regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum redox and ER stress. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06872-y

Lesjak, M., & Srai, S. K. S. (2019). Role of Dietary Flavonoids in Iron Homeostasis. Pharmaceuticals, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/PH12030119

Malahayati, N., Widowati, T. W., & Febrianti, A. (2021). Karakterisasi Ekstrak Kurkumin dari Kunyit Putih (Kaemferia rotunda L.) dan Kunyit Kuning (Curcuma domestica Val.). AgriTECH, 41(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.41345

Marliani, L., Budiana, W., Anandari, Y., Antioksidan, K., & Roscoe, C. (2017). THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTION CONDITION ON THE POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Curcuma zedoaria ( Christm .) ROSCOE RHIZOME Pengaruh Kondisi Ekstraksi terhadap Kandungan Polifenol dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Rimpang Curcuma zedoaria ( Christm .) R. Ijspt, 4(2), 57–63.

Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41

Purwaningsih, O., Hi Wahid, R. A., & Pamungkas, P. B. (2023). an Enhancement of Phytochemical Content in Red Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum Rhizome) Using Eco-Enzyme. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 21(6), 5453–5461. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2106_54535461

Purwaningsih, O., Pamungkas, B., & Wahid, R. (2021). Kajian Penggunaan Eco-Enzym Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Rimpang Dan Kandungan Fitokimia Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Var.Rubrum). Laporan Penelitian Unggulan Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta.

Rahmat, W., Hi, A., & Endang, D. (2020). The Effect of Black Seed Oil as Adjuvant Therapy on Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Levels in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Risk. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.22034/IJPS.2019.94568.1484

Rudrapal, M., Khairnar, S. J., Khan, J., Dukhyil, A. Bin, Ansari, M. A., Alomary, M. N., Alshabrmi, F. M., Palai, S., Deb, P. K., & Devi, R. (2022). Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseases: Insights Into Protective Effects, Antioxidant Potentials and Mechanism(s) of Action. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13(February), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.806470

Semuel, M. Y., Kaunang, E. S. N., & Manoppo, J. S. S. (2019). Potensi Bioaktif dari Apis dorsata Binghami , Lebah Madu endemik Sulawesi. 98.

Wahid, R. A. H., Purwaningsih, O., & Pamungkas, P. B. (2023). Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Cultivated Eco-Farming. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7(9), 3968–3973. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i9.18

Xu, L., Ding, L., Su, Y., Shao, R., Liu, J., & Huang, Y. (2019). Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 43(4), 1879–1887. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4094

Yan-Hwa, C., Chang, C. L., & Hsu, H. F. (2000). Flavonoid content of several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. In Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (Vol. 80, Issue 5, pp. 561–566). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80

Yusuf, P. . (2022). Uji Kadar Fenol Total dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Herbal Oil dari Ekstrak Kunyit (Curcuma Longa L.) Dalam Minyak Zaitun Extra Virgin (Evoo) Dengan Penambahan Surfaktan Tween 80 dan Kosurfaktan PEG 400. In Program Studi Kimia Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim (Vol. 2, Issue 1). Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.

Abstract
Export Citation

View Dimensions

View Plumx

View Altmetric

0
Save

0
Citation

146
View

0
Share