Sustainable Development and Characterization of Biodegradable Collagen-Calcium Carbonate (Col-Caco3) Microporous Composite Scaffold For Bone Tissue Regeneration
Md Shariful Islam 1*, Prantor Karmaker 1, Md Zakaria 2, Jafor Raihan 1, Alam Khan 1, Razon Ahmad 1, GM Shafiur Rahman 1
Biosensors and Nanotheranostics 4(1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/biosensors.4110184
Submitted: 12 March 2025 Revised: 02 May 2025 Published: 06 May 2025
Abstract
Microporous CaCO3 scaffolds were fabricated using the polyurethane (PU) sponge template method, incorporating various compressive ratios (95%, 75%, and 50%) and the presence or absence of additives to evaluate their effect on mechanical properties. The resulting CaCO3 scaffolds were then coated with collagen (COL) at room temperature. The microporous structure and mechanical properties of the produced biomaterials were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and the Shimadzu Compact Tabletop Testing Machine (EZ Test), respectively. The results indicated that the inclusion of additives and the COL coating led to a reduction in porosity and an enhancement in the mechanical properties of the biomaterials. Notably, the most significant decrease in porosity was observed at a 50% compressive rate when additives were present. The composite scaffolds composed of CaCO3-COL with additives at this compressive rate exhibited a maximum compressive modulus of 10.78 MPa. Additionally, the highest fracture stress (253 KPa) and strain energy density (539 J/m³) were recorded in the composite scaffolds of CaCO3-COL with additives at a 75% compressive rate. These findings demonstrate that combining pure CaCO3 with collagen and additives significantly improves the mechanical properties of porous composite scaffolds, enhancing their suitability for sustainable bone tissue engineering applications.
Keywords: Scaffolds; Mechanical properties; Tissue engineering; Compressive ratio; Collagen; Sustainable
References
Barrère, F., van Blitterswijk, C. A., & de Groot, K. (2006). Bone regeneration: Molecular and cellular interactions with calcium phosphate ceramics. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 1(3), 317–332.
Cen, L., Liu, W., Cui, L., Zhang, W., & Cao, Y. (2008). Collagen tissue engineering: Development of novel biomaterials and applications. Pediatric Research, 63, 492–496. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e31816c5bc3
Chvapil, M., Kronenthal, R. L., & Winkle, W. V. (1973). Medical and surgical applications of collagen. International Review of Connective Tissue Research, 6, 1–61.
Islam, M. S., & Todo, M. (2016). Effects of sintering temperature on the compressive mechanical properties of collagen/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Materials Letters, 173, 231–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.03.028
Islam, M. S., Kusumoto, Y., & Abdulla-Al-Mamun, M. (2012). Novel rose-type magnetic (Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3) nanoplates synthesized by simple hydrothermal decomposition. Materials Letters, 66(1), 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.08.057
Islam, M. S., Rahman, A. M. Z., Sharif, M. H., Khan, A., Abdulla-Al-Mamun, M., & Todo, M. (2019). Effects of compressive ratio and sintering temperature on mechanical properties of biocompatible collagen/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds fabricated for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 7(2), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2019.1600226
Landi, E., Tampieri, A., Celotti, G., & Sprio, S. (2000). Densification behaviour and mechanisms of synthetic hydroxyapatites. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 20(14), 2377–2387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00154-0
Lu, H., Hoshiba, T., Kawazoe, N., Koda, I., Song, M., & Chen, G. (2011). Cultured cell-derived extracellular matrix scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 32(36), 9658–9666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.091
Moreau, J. L., Weir, M. D., & Xu, H. H. K. (2009). Self-setting collagen-calcium phosphate bone cement: Mechanical and cellular properties. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 91(2), 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32238
Moyo, C., Kruyt, W. J. A., Dhert, W. J. A., Yuan, H., Wilson, C. E., van Blitterswijk, C. A., Verbout, A. J., & de Bruijn, J. D. (2004). Bone tissue engineering in a critical size defect compared to ectopic implantations in the goat. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 22(3), 544–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthres.2003.10.010
Munar, M. L., Udoh, K., Ishikawa, K., Matsuya, S., & Nakagawa, M. (2006). Effects of sintering temperature over 1,300°C on the physical and compositional properties of porous hydroxyapatite foam. Dental Materials Journal, 25(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.25.51
Ng, K. W., Khor, H. L., & Hutmacher, D. W. (2004). In vitro characterization of natural and synthetic dermal matrices cultured with human dermal fibroblasts. Biomaterials, 25(14), 2807–2818.
O’Brien, F. J., Harley, B. A., Yannas, I. V., & Gibson, L. (2004). Influence of freezing rate on pore structure in freeze-dried collagen-GAG scaffolds. Biomaterials, 25(6), 1077–1086.
Park, J. E., & Todo, M. (2011). Compressive mechanical properties and deformation behavior of porous polymer blends of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(l-lactic acid). Journal of Materials Science, 46, 7850–7856.
Sabree, I., Gough, J. E., & Derby, B. (2015). Mechanical properties of porous ceramic scaffolds: Influence of internal dimensions. Ceramics International, 41(8), 8425–8435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.03.044
Shors, E. C., & Holmes, R. E. (1993). Porous hydroxyapatite. In L. L. Hench & J. Wilson (Eds.), An introduction to bioceramics (pp. 181). World Scientific Publishing.
Sous, M., Bareille, R., Rouais, F., Clement, D., Amedee, J., Dupuy, B., & Baquey, C. (1998). Cellular biocompatibility and resistance to compression of macroporous β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics. Biomaterials, 19(21), 2147–2155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00118-5
Sudo, H., Kodama, H. A., Amagai, Y., Yamamoto, S., & Kasai, S. (1983). In vitro differentiation and calcification in a new clonal osteogenic cell line derived from newborn mouse calvaria. Journal of Cell Biology, 96(1), 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.96.1.191
Thomson, R. C., Wake, M. C., Yaszemski, M. J., & Mikos, A. G. (1995). Biodegradable polymer scaffolds to regenerate organs. Advances in Polymer Science, 122, 247–274.
Wang, X. H., Li, D. P., Wang, W. J., Feng, Q. L., Cui, F. Z., Xu, Y. X., Song, X. H., & van der Werf, M. (2003). Crosslinked collagen/chitosan matrix for artificial livers. Biomaterials, 24(19), 3213–3220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00170-4
Werner, J., Linner-Krcmar, B., Friess, W., & Greil, P. (2009). Mechanical properties and in vitro cell compatibility of hydroxyapatite ceramics with graded pore structure. Biomaterials, 30(25), 4217–4229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00191-6
Yang, D., Qi, L., & Ma, J. (2002). Eggshell membrane templating of hierarchically ordered macroporous networks composed of TiO2 tubes. Advanced Materials, 14(21), 1543–1546. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20021104)14:21<1543::AID-ADMA1543>3.0.CO;2-B
View Dimensions
View Altmetric
Save
Citation
View
Share