Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene/Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Polymer Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photothermal Cancer Therapy

Mourtas Spyridon ^1,2*

Graphene and MoS2 functionalized with copolymers offer enhanced biocompatibility and efficiency for targeted cancer treatment via photothermal therapy.

Abstract

Background: Nanoparticle-based therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, with photothermal therapy (PTT) emerging as a promising approach due to its targeted and minimally invasive nature. Combining PTT with functionalized nanomaterials enhances precision and reduces toxicity, making it a focal point of advanced cancer therapeutics. This study aimed to develop and evaluate graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) functionalized with copolymers to enhance their biocompatibility and photothermal efficacy in cancer treatment. Methods: Graphene and MoS2 were functionalized using diblock copolymers and a statistical copolymer composed of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and benzyl methacrylate (BzMA). The diblock copolymers' monomer composition was varied to study behavior at pH 6, 7, and 8. Exfoliation techniques were optimized for single-layer structures, confirmed via UV-Vis spectroscopy. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was used to assess nanoparticle size and micelle formation. Photothermal performance of the functionalized nanomaterials was evaluated under light irradiation. Results: UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed successful exfoliation of monolayer graphene and MoS2, with notable absorption peaks indicative of their structural integrity. Dynamic Light Scattering showed consistent micelle formation, with nanoparticle sizes optimized for cellular uptake. Functionalized MoS2 demonstrated superior photothermal conversion efficiency, achieving significant localized heat generation under near-infrared light, compared to graphene. Both materials exhibited stability and biocompatibility at physiological and acidic pH levels, critical for cancer environments. Conclusion: Functionalized graphene and MoS2 show promise as photothermal agents, offering efficient, targeted cancer cell ablation while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. These findings underscore the potential of combining advanced nanomaterials with PTT for enhanced cancer therapy.

Keywords: Photothermal therapy, Graphene, Molybdenum disulfide, Nanoparticle functionalization, Cancer treatment

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