Implantable Biosensors for Long-term Monitoring of Cardiac Health

Avni A. Argun ¹, Muhit Rana ^1*, Hilal Ahmad Rather ², Mohd Arif Dar ³

Implantable biosensors offer continuous, real-time monitoring of cardiac health, enabling early detection of abnormalities and personalized treatments, transforming cardiac care.

Abstract

Background: Continuous monitoring of cardiac health is crucial for the early detection and effective management of cardiovascular diseases. Traditional methods such as electrocardiograms (ECGs) and Holter monitors offer limited insights due to their short-term nature, highlighting the need for more comprehensive solutions. Implantable biosensors represent a significant advancement in this field, providing continuous, real-time data on critical physiological parameters.  Methods: This review examines the latest developments in implantable biosensors designed for long-term cardiac health monitoring. It explores the types of sensors, including those measuring electrical activity (heart rate and ECG), blood pressure, blood flow, tissue oxygenation, and biomarkers. The review discusses advancements in sensor technologies such as glucose monitoring systems (CGMS), electrochemical sensors, pressure sensors, and optical sensors. It also highlights the integration of these sensors with wireless data transmission and biocompatibility considerations. Results: Implantable biosensors are capable of providing continuous, real-time monitoring of key cardiac parameters. Advances include flexible, biocompatible sensors for heart rate monitoring, microfluidic devices combining ECG with pressure sensing, and miniaturized sensors for blood pressure and blood flow measurement. Novel sensors also monitor tissue oxygenation and biomarkers, with some designed for real-time glucose monitoring, which correlates with cardiac health. These technologies demonstrate the potential for improved early detection of cardiac abnormalities, personalized treatment strategies, and enhanced patient outcomes. Conclusion: Implantable biosensors represent a significant advancement in cardiac health monitoring, offering the capability for continuous, real-time data collection directly from within the body. These devices have the potential to revolutionize cardiac care by providing comprehensive, long-term monitoring of critical physiological parameters. Despite the promising developments, challenges such as biocompatibility, data accuracy, and patient comfort remain. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges and exploring the full potential of implantable biosensors to enhance cardiac health management and patient care.

Keywords: Implantable biosensors, continuous monitoring, cardiac health, real-time data, wearable technology

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