Journal of Precision Biosciences
Precision sciences | Online ISSN 3064-9226
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Contents Vol 6 (1)

Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management Strategies

Suresh Kanna S1, Valarmathy M2, Lakshmi K3, Mani Shanthini4*

+ Author Affiliations

Journal of Precision Biosciences 6 (1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/biosciences.612188

Submitted: 16 October 2024 Revised: 16 October 2024  Published: 16 October 2024 

Abstract

Background: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis and/or pregnancy complications associated with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). The condition's rarity, with an incidence of about 5 cases per 100,000 people annually, and its impact on young adults of reproductive age necessitate a detailed understanding of its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management strategies.bMethods: This study conducted a comprehensive review of APS, focusing on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management. Data were collected from recent literature and clinical guidelines, including studies on aPL positivity, thrombosis, and associated complications. The management strategies for high-risk patients and those with catastrophic APS (CAPS) were also analyzed.bResults: APS manifests primarily through vascular thromboses and pregnancy-related complications. Triple aPL positivity and additional cardiovascular risk factors significantly elevate the risk of severe outcomes. Non-criteria manifestations, such as cardiac valve vegetations and white matter lesions, are managed with aspirin or anticoagulation, while thrombocytopenia is treated based on the underlying cause. CAPS, characterized by rapid thrombotic events and multi-organ failure, requires aggressive treatment including anticoagulation, corticosteroids, IVIG, and plasma exchange. Rituximab is considered for CAPS resistant to standard therapies. Conclusion: Effective management of APS involves tailored anticoagulation therapy, addressing non-criteria manifestations, and aggressive treatment of CAPS. With proper management, patients can achieve favorable outcomes, though vigilance is needed to prevent recurrent events and manage complications. Continued research and individualized care are essential for improving long-term prognosis in APS patients.

Keywords: Antiphospholipid syndrome, Thrombosis, Autoimmune disorder, Pregnancy complications, Anticoagulation therapy

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