Lifecycle Analysis of Battery Storage Technologies: Environmental and Economic Perspectives
Bereket Tsegai Habte 1*, Ahmed Mohmed Dafalla 1*
Energy Environment & Economy 3(1) 1-8 https://doi.org/10.25163/energy.3110186
Submitted: 08 January 2024 Revised: 14 March 2024 Published: 20 March 2024
Abstract
Battery storage technologies play a vital role in modern energy systems by enhancing grid stability and supporting the transition to renewable energy. However, the full lifecycle of these technologies, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal, presents significant environmental and economic challenges. This review examines the lifecycle of battery storage technologies, focusing on lithium-ion, lead-acid, sodium-ion, and emerging solid-state batteries. It explores the ecological footprint of mining critical materials, the energy-intensive manufacturing process, the performance and longevity of batteries during use, and the challenges of disposal and recycling.The environmental impact of battery storage technologies is substantial. Mining operations for lithium, cobalt, and nickel result in habitat destruction, water pollution, and carbon emissions. The manufacturing phase is energy-intensive, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, while battery degradation and energy losses during use further affect sustainability. End-of-life management remains a challenge, with recycling technologies struggling to recover valuable materials efficiently. Economically, battery storage remains costly despite recent advancements. The declining cost of lithium-ion batteries has driven widespread adoption, but price fluctuations in raw materials and geopolitical risks continue to impact affordability. Lead-acid batteries offer a lower-cost alternative but suffer from shorter lifespans and environmental concerns. Sodium-ion and solid-state batteries present promising alternatives but require further technological improvements to become commercially viable.A comprehensive lifecycle analysis is essential for making informed decisions about battery adoption and sustainability strategies. Government policies, technological innovations, and improved recycling methods can mitigate the negative environmental and economic impacts of battery storage technologies. By evaluating the full lifecycle of these technologies, this review provides insights into sustainable energy storage solutions that balance efficiency, cost, and environmental responsibility.
Keywords: Battery storage, lifecycle analysis, environmental impact, economic feasibility, lithium-ion batteries, sustainability, energy storage
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