Tribological influences of micro texture on surface interfaces: A review

Taposh Roy^{a, c*}, Dipankar Choudhury ^a,b, and Belinda Pingguan-Murphy^c

Using well-defined surface texture on artificial hip or knee joints has viable potential. However, more research should be conducted to optimize the texture parameters, and determine texture durability.

Abstract

Surface texture is one of the key techniques used in surface modification in order to achieve better tribological outcomes. However, their performances are depended on the texture parameters itself, loading and lubrication conditions. The aims of this review paper are to summarise various fabrication techniques of texturing surfaces, the tribological outcomes of experimental studies on surface texturing and, scope and challenges of using a texturing surface on artificial hip or knee joints. Laser surface texturing is used in most of the surface but their application is limited mainly on flat surface. Dimpled and grooved surfaces were found to be excellent for friction reduction and fluid film thickness improvement, although the level of performance varied on both textured parameters and experiment conditions. The wear rate was found to be dissimilar among the studies. Using well-defined surface texture on artificial hip or knee joints has viable potential.However, more research should be conducted to optimize the texture parameters, and determine texture durability.

Key words: Friction, Surface texturing, Micro-dimple, micro-groves, Wear.

References

Adatepe, H., Biyiklioglu, A., & Sofuoglu, H. (2013). An investigation of tribological behaviors of dynamically loaded non-grooved and micro-grooved journal bearings. Tribology International, 58, 12-19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.09.009

Ai, X., & Cheng, H. S. (1996). The effects of surface texture on EHL point contacts. TRANSACTIONS-AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY, 118, 59-66.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2837093

Amanov, A., Cho, I., Pyoun, Y., Lee, C., & Park, I. (2012). Micro-dimpled surface by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification and its tribological effects. Wear, 286, 136-144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2011.06.001

Amanov, A., Pyun, Y. S., Zhang, B., Park, J. H., & Nohava, J. (2011). Preliminary study of the effect of micro-scale dimple size on friction and wear under oil-lubricated sliding contact. Tribology Online, 6(7), 284-290.
https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.6.284

Amanov, A., Tsuboi, R., Oe, H., & Sasaki, S. (2013). The influence of bulges produced by laser surface texturing on the sliding friction and wear behavior. Tribology International, 60, 216-223.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.10.018

Andersson, P., Koskinen, J., Varjus, S. e., Gerbig, Y., Haefke, H., Georgiou, S., . . . Buss, W. (2007). Microlubrication effect by laser-textured steel surfaces. Wear, 262(3), 369-379.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.06.003

Antoszewski, B. (2012). Mechanical Seals With Sliding Surface Texture–Model Fluid Flow and Some Aspects of the Laser Forming of the Texture. Procedia Engineering, 39, 51-62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.007

Arghir, M., Roucou, N., Helene, M., & Frene, J. (2003). Theoretical analysis of the incompressible laminar flow in a macro-roughness cell. Journal of tribology, 125(2), 309-318.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1506328

Bearman, P., & Harvey, J. (1975). Golf ball aerodynamics.

Bhattacharyya, B., Mitra, S., & Boro, A. (2002). Electrochemical machining: new possibilities for micromachining. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 18(3), 283-289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-5845(02)00019-4

Borghi, A., Gualtieri, E., Marchetto, D., Moretti, L., & Valeri, S. (2008). Tribological effects of surface texturing on nitriding steel for high-performance engine applications. Wear, 265(7), 1046-1051.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.02.011

Brizmer, V., Kligerman, Y., & Etsion, I. (2003). A laser surface textured parallel thrust bearing. Tribology Transactions, 46(3), 397-403.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402000308982643

Brunetière, N., & Tournerie, B. (2012). Numerical analysis of a surface-textured mechanical seal operating in mixed lubrication regime. Tribology International, 49(0), 80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2012.01.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.01.003

Byun, J. W., Shin, H. S., Kwon, M. H., Kim, B. H., & Chu, C. N. (2010). Surface texturing by micro ECM for friction reduction. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 11(5), 747-753.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-010-0088-y

Cho, M., & Park, S. (2011). Micro CNC surface texturing on polyoxymethylene (POM) and its tribological performance in lubricated sliding. Tribology International, 44(7), 859-867.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.03.001

Choudhury, D., Walker, R., Roy, T., Paul, S., & Mootanah, R. (2013). Performance of honed surface profiles to artificial hip joints: An experimental investigation. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 14(10), 1847-1853. doi: 10.1007/s12541-013-0247-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-013-0247-z

Chouquet, C., Gavillet, J., Ducros, C., & Sanchette, F. (2010). Effect of DLC surface texturing on friction and wear during lubricated sliding. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 123(2), 367-371.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.04.016

Costa, H. (2005). Modification of Surface Topography: Manufacturing Methods and Applications. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, 240.

Costa, H., & Hutchings, I. (2009). Development of a maskless electrochemical texturing method. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(8), 3869-3878.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.09.004

Costa, H. L., & Hutchings, I. M. (2007). Hydrodynamic lubrication of textured steel surfaces under reciprocating sliding conditions. Tribology International, 40(8), 1227-1238. doi: DOI 10.1016/j.triboint.2007.01.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2007.01.014

de Kraker, A., Rixen, D. J., van Ostayen, R. A., & van Beek, A. (2007). A multiscale method modeling surface texture effects. Journal of tribology, 129(2), 221-230.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2540156

Dhanik, S., & Joshi, S. S. (2005). Modeling of a single resistance capacitance pulse discharge in micro-electro discharge machining. Journal of manufacturing science and engineering, 127(4), 759-767.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2034512

Dhobe, S. D., Doloi, B., & Bhattacharyya, B. (2011). Analysis of surface characteristics of titanium during ECM. International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials, 10(4), 293-309.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMM.2011.043085

Dobrica, M., & Fillon, M. (2009). About the validity of Reynolds equation and inertia effects in textured sliders of infinite width. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 223(1), 69-78.
https://doi.org/10.1243/13506501JET433

Dubey, A. K., & Yadava, V. (2008). Laser beam machining—a review. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 48(6), 609-628.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2007.10.017

Dumitru, G., Romano, V., Weber, H., Haefke, H., Gerbig, Y., & Pflüger, E. (2000). Laser microstructuring of steel surfaces for tribological applications. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 70(4), 485-487.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s003390051073

Etsion, I. (2004). Improving tribological performance of mechanical components by laser surface texturing. Tribology Letters, 17(4), 733-737.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-004-8081-1

Etsion, I. (2005). State of the art in laser surface texturing. Journal of Tribology-Transactions of the Asme, 127(1), 248-253. doi: Doi 10.1115/1.1828070
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1828070

Etsion, I. (2005). State of the art in laser surface texturing. Journal of tribology, 127(1), 248-253.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1828070

Etsion, I., & Burstein, L. (1996). A model for mechanical seals with regular microsurface structure. Tribology Transactions, 39(3), 677-683.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402009608983582

Etsion, I., Halperin, G., Brizmer, V., & Kligerman, Y. (2004). Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings. Tribology Letters, 17(2), 295-300.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000032467.88800.59

Etsion, I., Kligerman, Y., & Halperin, G. (1999). Analytical and experimental investigation of laser-textured mechanical seal faces. Tribology Transactions, 42(3), 511-516.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402009908982248

Etsion, I., Kligerman, Y., & Shinkarenko, A. (2005). Improving tribological performance of piston rings by partial surface texturing. Transaction of the ASME, Journal of Tribology, 123, 632-638.

Fleischer, J., Masuzawa, T., Schmidt, J., & Knoll, M. (2004). New applications for micro-EDM. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 149(1), 246-249.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.012

Gao, L., Yang, P., Dymond, I., Fisher, J., & Jin, Z. (2010). Effect of surface texturing on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of metal-on-metal hip implants. Tribology International, 43(10), 1851-1860.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.02.006

Geiger, M., Roth, S., & Becker, W. (1998). Influence of laser-produced microstructures on the tribological behaviour of ceramics. Surface and Coatings Technology, 100, 17-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00581-1

Grabon, W., Koszela, W., Pawlus, P., & Ochwat, S. (2013). Improving tribological behaviour of piston ring–cylinder liner frictional pair by liner surface texturing. Tribology International, 61, 102-108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.11.027

Han, J., Fang, L., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Ge, S., & Zhu, H. (2011). Hydrodynamic lubrication of surfaces with asymmetric microdimple. Tribology Transactions, 54(4), 607-615.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2011.584364

He, B., Chen, W., & Wang, Q. J. (2008). Surface texture effect on friction of a microtextured poly (dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS). Tribology Letters, 31(3), 187-197.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-008-9351-0

Ho, K., & Newman, S. (2003). State of the art electrical discharge machining (EDM). International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 43(13), 1287-1300.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(03)00162-7

Ho, K., Newman, S., Rahimifard, S., & Allen, R. (2004). State of the art in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 44(12), 1247-1259.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2004.04.017

Hu, T. C., Hu, L. T., & Ding, Q. (2012). Effective solution for the tribological problems of Ti-6Al-4V: Combination of laser surface texturing and solid lubricant film. Surface & Coatings Technology, 206(24), 5060-5066. doi: DOI 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.06.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.06.014

Huaiqian, B., Jiawen, X., & Ying, L. (2008). Aviation-oriented Micromachining Technology—Micro-ECM in Pure Water. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 21(5), 455-461.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1000-9361(08)60059-X

Huang, H., Zhang, H., Zhou, L., & Zheng, H. (2003). Ultrasonic vibration assisted electro-discharge machining of microholes in Nitinol. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering, 13(5), 693.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/13/5/322

Huang, W., Jiang, L., Zhou, C., & Wang, X. (2012). The lubricant retaining effect of micro-dimples on the sliding surface of PDMS. Tribology International, 52, 87-93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.03.003

Huang, W., Jiang, L., Zhou, C. X., & Wang, X. L. (2012). The lubricant retaining effect of micro-dimples on the sliding surface of PDMS. Tribology International, 52, 87-93. doi: DOI 10.1016/j.triboint.2012.03.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.03.003

Ito, H., Kaneda, K., Yuhta, T., Nishimura, I., Yasuda, K., & Matsuno, T. (2000). Reduction of polyethylene wear by concave dimples on the frictional surface in artificial hip joints. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 15(3), 332-338.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-5403(00)90670-3

Jameson, E. C. (2001). Description and development of electrical discharge machining (EDM). Electrical Discharge Machining, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearbern, Michigan, 12.

Jeon, D. H., Kim, B. H., & Chu, C. N. (2006). Micro machining by EDM and ECM. Journal of KSPE, 23(10), 52-59.

Kamaraj, A. B., Sundaram, M. M., & Mathew, R. (2013). Ultra high aspect ratio penetrating metal microelectrodes for biomedical applications. Microsystem Technologies, 19(2), 179-186.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-012-1653-3

Kaneta, M., Guo, F., Wang, J., Krupka, I., & Hartl, M. (2013). Formation of micro-grooves under impact loading in elliptical contacts with surface ridges. Tribology International, 65, 336-345.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.02.004

Katz, Z., & Tibbles, C. (2005). Analysis of micro-scale EDM process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 25(9-10), 923-928.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-2007-1

Keller, J., Fridrici, V., Kapsa, P., Vidaller, S., & Huard, J. F. (2008). Influence of Material Nature and Surface Texturing on Wear of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Cylinder Liners. Tribology Transactions, 52(1), 121-126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402000802441603

Kilickap, E., & Huseyinoglu, M. (2010). Selection of optimum drilling parameters on burr height using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm in drilling of AISI 304 stainless steel. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 25(10), 1068-1076.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10426911003720854

Kim, H.-J., Yoo, S.-S., & Kim, D.-E. (2012). Nano-scale wear: A review. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 13(9), 1709-1718. doi: 10.1007/s12541-012-0224-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-012-0224-y

Kim, H. J., & Kim, D. E. (2009). Nano-scale friction: A review. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 10(2), 141-151.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-009-0039-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-009-0105-1

Kligerman, Y., Etsion, I., & Shinkarenko, A. (2005). Improving tribological performance of piston rings by partial surface texturing. Journal of tribology, 127(3), 632-638.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1866171

Koszela, W., Pawlus, P., & Galda, L. (2007). The effect of oil pockets size and distribution on wear in lubricated sliding. Wear, 263(7–12), 1585-1592. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.108
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.108

Kovalchenko, A., Ajayi, O., Erdemir, A., & Fenske, G. (2011). Friction and wear behavior of laser textured surface under lubricated initial point contact. Wear, 271(9), 1719-1725.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.049

Kovalchenko, A., Ajayi, O., Erdemir, A., Fenske, G., & Etsion, I. (2005). The effect of laser surface texturing on transitions in lubrication regimes during unidirectional sliding contact. Tribology International, 38(3), 219-225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.08.004

Krupka, I., & Hartl, M. (2007). The effect of surface texturing on thin EHD lubrication films. Tribology International, 40(7), 1100-1110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2006.10.007

Krupka, I., & Hartl, M. (2008). Effect of Surface Texturing on Very Thin Film EHD Lubricated Contacts. Tribology Transactions, 52(1), 21-28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402000801911838

Krupka, I., & Hartl, M. (2009). Effect of Surface Texturing on Very Thin Film EHD Lubricated Contacts. Tribology Transactions, 52(1), 21-28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402000801911838

Krupka, I., Svoboda, P., & Hartl, M. (2010). Effect of surface topography on mixed lubrication film formation during start up under rolling/sliding conditions. Tribology International, 43(5), 1035-1042.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.12.017

Krupka, I., Vrbka, M., & Hartl, M. (2008). Effect of surface texturing on mixed lubricated non-conformal contacts. Tribology International, 41(11), 1063-1073. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2007.11.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2007.11.016

Li, J., & Chen, H. (2007). Evaluation on applicability of reynolds equation for squared transverse roughness compared to CFD. Journal of tribology, 129(4), 963-967.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2768619

Li, J., Xiong, D., Wu, H., Zhang, Y., & Qin, Y. (2012). Tribological Properties of Laser Surface Texturing and Molybdenizing Duplex-treated Stainless Steel at elevated temperatures. Surface and Coatings Technology.

Li, J., Zhou, F., & Wang, X. (2011). Modify the friction between steel ball and PDMS disk under water lubrication by surface texturing. Meccanica, 46(3), 499-507.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-010-9298-8

Llanes, L., Idanez, E., Marti´nez, E., Casas, B., & Esteve, J. (2001). Influence of electrical discharge machining on the sliding contact response of cemented carbides. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 19(1), 35-40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-4368(00)00045-7

Lu, X., & Khonsari, M. (2007). An experimental investigation of dimple effect on the Stribeck curve of journal bearings. Tribology Letters, 27(2), 169-176.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-007-9217-x

Ma, C., & Zhu, H. (2011). An optimum design model for textured surface with elliptical-shape dimples under hydrodynamic lubrication. Tribology International, 44(9), 987-995.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.04.005

Masuzawa, T. (2000). State of the art of micromachining. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 49(2), 473-488.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63451-9

Masuzawa, T., Kuo, C.-L., & Fujino, M. (1994). A combined electrical machining process for micronozzle fabrication. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 43(1), 189-192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62193-3

Meijer, J. (2004). Laser beam machining (LBM), state of the art and new opportunities. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 149(1–3), 2-17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.003

Meijer, J., Du, K., Gillner, A., Hoffmann, D., Kovalenko, V., Masuzawa, T., . . . Schulz, W. (2002). Laser machining by short and ultrashort pulses, state of the art and new opportunities in the age of the photons. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 51(2), 531-550.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)61699-0

Mezghani, S., Demirci, I., Zahouani, H., & El Mansori, M. (2012). The effect of groove texture patterns on piston-ring pack friction. Precision Engineering, 36(2), 210-217. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2011.09.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2011.09.008

Mohd Abbas, N., Solomon, D. G., & Fuad Bahari, M. (2007). A review on current research trends in electrical discharge machining (EDM). International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 47(7), 1214-1228.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2006.08.026

Moronuki, N., & Furukawa, Y. (2003). Frictional properties of the micro-textured surface of anisotropically etched silicon. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 52(1), 471-474.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60628-3

Nakano, M., Korenaga, A., Korenaga, A., Miyake, K., Murakami, T., Ando, Y., . . . Sasaki, S. (2007). Applying micro-texture to cast iron surfaces to reduce the friction coefficient under lubricated conditions. Tribology Letters, 28(2), 131-137.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-007-9257-2

Ogihara, H., Kido, T., Yamada, H., Murata, M., & Kobayashi, S. (2000). Technology for reducing engine rubbing resistance by means of surface improvement. Honda R&D Technical Review, 12(2), 93-98.
https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.4.0_357

PAJAK, P. T., SILVA, A. K. M. D., HARRISON, D. K., & McGEOUGH, J. A. (2005). Resesrch and development in laser beam machining. Budowa Maszyn i Zarazadzanie Produkcja, Nr 2, 29.

Park, B., Kim, B., & Chu, C. (2006). The effects of tool electrode size on characteristics of micro electrochemical machining. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 55(1), 197-200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60397-7

Park, M. S., & Chu, C. N. (2007). Micro-electrochemical machining using multiple tool electrodes. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering, 17(8), 1451.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/17/8/006

Parreira, J., Gallo, C., & Costa, H. (2012). New Advances on Maskless Electrochemical Surface Texturing (MECT) for Tribological Purposes. Surface and Coatings Technology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.08.043

Pavlinich, S., Mannapov, A., Gimaev, N., & Zaitsev, A. (2008). Electrochemical shaping of aerodynamic seal elements. Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ), 51(3), 330-338.
https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068799808030161

Pettersson, U., & Jacobson, S. (2004). Friction and wear properties of micro textured DLC coated surfaces in boundary lubricated sliding. Tribology Letters, 17(3), 553-559.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044504.76164.4e

Podgornik, B., Vilhena, L., Sedlacek, M., Rek, Z., & Žun, I. (2012). Effectiveness and design of surface texturing for different lubrication regimes. Meccanica, 47(7), 1613-1622.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-012-9540-7

Puri, A., & Bhattacharyya, B. (2003). Modelling and analysis of the wire-tool vibration in wire-cut EDM. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 141(3), 295-301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00280-2

Qian, S., Zhu, D., Qu, N., Li, H., & Yan, D. (2010). Generating micro-dimples array on the hard chrome-coated surface by modified through mask electrochemical micromachining. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 47(9), 1121-1127.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2246-x

Qiu, Y., & Khonsari, M. (2011). Experimental investigation of tribological performance of laser textured stainless steel rings. Tribology International, 44(5), 635-644.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.01.003

Rajurkar, K., Sundaram, M., & Malshe, A. (2013). Review of Electrochemical and Electrodischarge Machining. Procedia CIRP, 6, 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.03.002

Rajurkar, K., & Wang, W. (1993). Thermal modeling and on-line monitoring of wire-EDM. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 38(1), 417-430.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(93)90214-Q

Rajurkar, K., Wang, Z., & Kuppattan, A. (1999). Micro removal of ceramic material (Al< sub> 2</sub> O< sub> 3</sub>) in the precision ultrasonic machining. Precision Engineering, 23(2), 73-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-6359(98)00026-9

Rajurkar, K., & Yu, Z. (2000). 3d micro-edm using cad/cam. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 49(1), 127-130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62911-4

Rajurkar, K., Zhu, D., McGeough, J., Kozak, J., & De Silva, A. (1999). New developments in electro-chemical machining. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 48(2), 567-579.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63235-1

Ramesh, A., Akram, W., Mishra, S. P., Cannon, A. H., Polycarpou, A. A., & King, W. P. (2012). Friction characteristics of microtextured surfaces under mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication. Tribology International.

Ramesh, A., Akram, W., Mishra, S. P., Cannon, A. H., Polycarpou, A. A., & King, W. P. (2013). Friction characteristics of microtextured surfaces under mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication. Tribology International, 57(0), 170-176. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.07.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.07.020

Ranjan, R., Lambeth, D., Tromel, M., Goglia, P., & Li, Y. (1991). Laser texturing for low-flying-height media. Journal of Applied Physics, 69(8), 5745-5747.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.347908

Ren, N., Nanbu, T., Yasuda, Y., Zhu, D., & Wang, Q. (2007). Micro textures in concentrated-conformal-contact lubrication: effect of distribution patterns. Tribology Letters, 28(3), 275-285.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-007-9271-4

Roy, T., Choudhury, D., Bin Mamat, A., & Pingguan-Murphy, B. (2014). Fabrication and characterization of micro-dimple array on Al2O3 surfaces by using a micro-tooling. Ceramics International, 40(1), 2381-2388. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.08.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.08.009

Ryk, G., & Etsion, I. (2006). Testing piston rings with partial laser surface texturing for friction reduction. Wear, 261(7–8), 792-796. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.031
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.031

Ryk, G., Kligerman, Y., & Etsion, I. (2002). Experimental investigation of laser surface texturing for reciprocating automotive components. Tribology Transactions, 45(4), 444-449.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10402000208982572

Sahlin, F., Glavatskih, S. B., Almqvist, T., & Larsson, R. (2004). 2D CFD-analysis of micro-patterned surfaces in hydrodynamic lubrication. Paper presented at the ASME/STLE 2004 International Joint Tribology Conference.
https://doi.org/10.1115/TRIB2004-64009

Sampedro, J., Ferre, R., Fernández, E., Pérez, I., Cárcel, B., Molina, T., & Ramos, J. (2012). Surface Functionalization of AISI 316 Steel by Laser Texturing of Shaped Microcavities with Picosecond Pulses. Physics Procedia, 39, 636-641.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.10.083

Sawano, H., Warisawa, S., & Ishihara, S. (2009). Study on long life of artificial joints by investigating optimal sliding surface geometry for improvement in wear resistance. Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, 33(4), 492-498. doi: DOI 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2009.01.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2009.01.005

Segu, D. Z., Choi, S. G., & Kim, S. S. (2013). The effect of multi-scale laser textured surface on lubrication regime. Applied Surface Science, 270, 58-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.12.068

Shi, X., & Ni, T. (2011). Effects of groove textures on fully lubricated sliding with cavitation. Tribology International, 44(12), 2022-2028.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.08.018

Shin, H. S., Park, M. S., Kim, B. H., & Chu, C. N. (2011). Recent researches in micro electrical machining. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 12(2), 371-380.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-011-0049-0

Singh, R., & Khamba, J. (2006). Ultrasonic machining of titanium and its alloys: a review. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 173(2), 125-135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.10.027

Singh, S., Maheshwari, S., & Pandey, P. (2004). Some investigations into the electric discharge machining of hardened tool steel using different electrode materials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 149(1), 272-277.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2003.11.046

Siripuram, R. B., & Stephens, L. S. (2004). Effect of deterministic asperity geometry on hydrodynamic lubrication. Journal of tribology, 126(3), 527-534.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1715104

Spur, G., & Holl, S.-E. (1996). Ultrasonic assisted grinding of ceramics. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 62(4), 287-293.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(96)02422-3

Suh, M. S., & Chae, Y. H. (2008). Friction characteristic of sliding direction and angle of micro-grooved crosshatch patterns under lubricated contact. Advanced Materials Research, 47, 507-510.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.47-50.507

Suh, M. S., Chae, Y. H., Kim, S. S., Hinoki, T., & Kohyama, A. (2010). Effect of geometrical parameters in micro-grooved crosshatch pattern under lubricated sliding friction. Tribology International, 43(8), 1508-1517. doi: DOI 10.1016/j.triboint.2010.02.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.02.012

Tala-Ighil, N., Fillon, M., & Maspeyrot, P. (2011). Effect of textured area on the performances of a hydrodynamic journal bearing. Tribology International, 44(3), 211-219. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2010.10.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.10.003

Tawakoli, T., Azarhoushang, B., & Rabiey, M. (2009). Ultrasonic assisted dry grinding of 42CrMo4. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 42(9-10), 883-891.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1646-7

Thoe, T., Aspinwall, D., & Killey, N. (1999). Combined ultrasonic and electrical discharge machining of ceramic coated nickel alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 92, 323-328.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00117-X

Tomanik, E. (2013). Modelling the hydrodynamic support of cylinder bore and piston rings with laser textured surfaces. Tribology International, 59(0), 90-96. doi: DOI 10.1016/j.triboint.2012.01.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2012.01.016

Torrance, A. A. (2005). A method for calculating boundary friction and wear. Wear, 258(5–6), 924-934. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2004.09.074
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2004.09.074

Vilhena, L. M., Sedlacek, M., Podgornik, B., Vižintin, J., Babnik, A., & Možina, J. (2009). Surface texturing by pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Tribology International, 42(10), 1496-1504. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.06.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.06.003

Wakuda, M., Yamauchi, Y., Kanzaki, S., & Yasuda, Y. (2003). Effect of surface texturing on friction reduction between ceramic and steel materials under lubricated sliding contact. Wear, 254(3), 356-363.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00004-8

Wang, C. J., Hong, M. S., & Ehmann, K. F. (1994). Surface Topography Control in Single-Point Cutting. S.M. Wu Symposium.

Wang, Q. J., & Zhu, D. (2005). Virtual texturing: modeling the performance of lubricated contacts of engineered surfaces. Journal of tribology, 127(4), 722-728.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2000273

Wang, X., Adachi, K., Otsuka, K., & Kato, K. (2006). Optimization of the surface texture for silicon carbide sliding in water. Applied Surface Science, 253(3), 1282-1286.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.01.076

Wang, X., Kato, K., Adachi, K., & Aizawa, K. (2001). The effect of laser texturing of SiC surface on the critical load for the transition of water lubrication mode from hydrodynamic to mixed. Tribology International, 34(10), 703-711.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(01)00063-9

Wang, X., Kato, K., Adachi, K., & Aizawa, K. (2003). Loads carrying capacity map for the surface texture design of SiC thrust bearing sliding in water. Tribology International, 36(3), 189-197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(02)00145-7

Wang, X., Liu, W., Zhou, F., & Zhu, D. (2009). Preliminary investigation of the effect of dimple size on friction in line contacts. Tribology International, 42(7), 1118-1123.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.03.012

Wansheng, Z., Zhenlong, W., Shichun, D., Guanxin, C., & Hongyu, W. (2002). Ultrasonic and electric discharge machining to deep and small hole on titanium alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 120(1), 101-106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)01149-9

Willis, E. (1986). Surface finish in relation to cylinder liners. Wear, 109(1), 351-366.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(86)90278-4

Wu, Z., Deng, J., Xing, Y., Cheng, H., & Zhao, J. (2012). Effect of surface texturing on friction properties of WC/Co cemented carbide. Materials & Design, 41, 142-149.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.012

Xing, Y., Deng, J., Feng, X., & Yu, S. (2013). Effect of laser surface texturing on Si3N4/TiC ceramic sliding against steel under dry friction. Materials & Design, 52(0), 234-245. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.077
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.077

Xing, Y., Deng, J., Wu, Z., & Cheng, H. (2013). Effect of regular surface textures generated by laser on tribological behavior of Si3N4/TiC ceramic. Applied Surface Science, 265(0), 823-832. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.11.127
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.11.127

Yamakiri, H., Sasaki, S., Kurita, T., & Kasashima, N. (2011). Effects of laser surface texturing on friction behavior of silicon nitride under lubrication with water. Tribology International, 44(5), 579-584.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.11.002

Yan, B., Wang, A., Huang, C., & Huang, F. (2002). Study of precision micro-holes in borosilicate glass using micro EDM combined with micro ultrasonic vibration machining. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 42(10), 1105-1112.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(02)00061-5

Yang, I., Park, M. S., & Chu, C. N. (2009). Micro ECM with ultrasonic vibrations using a semi-cylindrical tool. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 10(2), 5-10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-009-0020-5

Yanyan, Y., Bo, Z., & Junli, L. (2009). Ultraprecision surface finishing of nano-ZrO2 ceramics using two-dimensional ultrasonic assisted grinding. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 43(5-6), 462-467.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1732-x

Yeo, S., & Tan, L. (1999). Effects of ultrasonic vibrations in micro electro-discharge machining of microholes. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering, 9(4), 345.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/9/4/310

Yu, Z., Masuzawa, T., & Fujino, M. (1998). Micro-EDM for three-dimensional cavities-development of uniform wear method. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 47(1), 169-172.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62810-8

Yuan, S., Huang, W., & Wang, X. (2011). Orientation effects of micro-grooves on sliding surfaces. Tribology International, 44(9), 1047-1054.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.04.007

Zhang, B., Huang, W., Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2013). Comparison of the effects of surface texture on the surfaces of steel and UHMWPE. Tribology International, 65(0), 138-145. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.01.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.01.004

Zhou, R., Cao, J., Wang, Q. J., Meng, F., Zimowski, K., & Xia, Z. C. (2011). Effect of EDT surface texturing on tribological behavior of aluminum sheet. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 211(10), 1643-1649.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.05.004

Zhu, D., Qu, N., Li, H., Zeng, Y., Li, D., & Qian, S. (2009). Electrochemical micromachining of microstructures of micro hole and dimple array. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 58(1), 177-180.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2009.03.004

Zum Gahr, K.-H., Wahl, R., & Wauthier, K. (2009). Experimental study of the effect of microtexturing on oil lubricated ceramic/steel friction pairs. Wear, 267(5), 1241-1251.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.108